{"id":10406,"date":"2025-05-18T14:32:30","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T12:32:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/?page_id=10406"},"modified":"2025-07-18T15:12:18","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T13:12:18","slug":"the-trais-linguas-path","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/the-trais-linguas-path\/","title":{"rendered":"The Trais Linguas Path"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572247410809{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column][vc_separator css=\u201c\u201c][vc_single_image image=\u201c9839\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c css=\u201c\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">This page has been translated using artificial intelligence. Our specialists are working to ensure that the text is written in correct military terminology. We ask for your understanding.<\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=\u201c\u201c][vc_empty_space]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-81806a71dac9a28c8\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-81806a71dac9a28c8 uvc-629 \" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-81806a71dac9a28c8 .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' style=\"font-weight:normal;\">\n<h3>TRAIS LINGUAS \u2013 THREE LANGUAGES \u2013 TRE LINGUE<\/h3>\n<h3>AUSTRIA\/HUNGARY\u2019S BATTLE FOR THE STELVIO PASS<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<div class=\"post_body\">\n<p>Until 1918, the border between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy ran across the Stelvio Pass. A border that was bitterly fought over during the years 1915-1918. Follow the traces of this turbulent time that can still be found today. The \u2018Trais Linguas\u2019 (three languages) trail will give you an understanding of the Austro-Hungarian perspective.<\/p>\n<p>The following topics are highlighted in the immediate vicinity of the three-language peak:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>the defence system of Austria-Hungary;<\/li>\n<li>the old Austrian troops in the battle area of the Stelvio Pass;<\/li>\n<li>the war on peaks and ridges along the Ortler front;<\/li>\n<li>the accommodation and supply situation;<\/li>\n<li>border and neutrality violations \u2013 the role of Switzerland;<\/li>\n<li>the importance of Austrian artillery in the mountain war 15\/18.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u201ccustom\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572183493988{margin-top: 20px !important;}\u201c accent_color=\u201c#37751e\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c2691\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space]<style type=\"text\/css\" 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border-style: double;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:hover {\n  font-size: 32px;\n}\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-icon {\n  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75);\n  background: none;\n}\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-icon {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: none;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea .soc-font-icon,\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea .soc-icon {\n  font-size: 32px;\n}<\/style><div class=\"dt-shortcode-icon-wrap  \"><span class=\"anchor-link fas fa-walking icon-ea9fb1ecf792e4c9be19becf1a72efea dt-shortcode-icon dt-icon-bg-on dt-icon-border-on dt-icon-hover-border-on dt-icon-hover-on dt-icon-hover-bg-on  vc_custom_1596879509944 \"><span class=\"icon-inner\"><i class=\"dt-regular-icon soc-icon fas fa-walking\"><\/i><i class=\"dt-hover-icon soc-icon fas fa-walking\"><\/i><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]<strong>Starting and finishing point: Stelvio Pass \u2013 pass summit (access from Pass Umbrail via Swiss territory possible)<\/strong>\n<p><strong>Walking time: 2 \u00bd hours (from the Stelvio Pass)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Marking: white-green-red<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Requirements: easy walk<\/strong><\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>ROUTE GUIDANCE \u2018TRAIS LINGUAS\u2019<\/h3>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4312\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571071191{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A: Ferdinandsh\u00f6he (Stilfserjoch) \u2013 B: Dreisprachenspitze \u2013 C: Hotel Dreisprachenspitze \u2013 D: Austro-Hungarian memorial plaque \u2013 E: Lempruchlager \u2013 F: \u2018Hungerburg\u2019 non-commissioned officer post \u2013 G: \u2018Goldsee\u2019 artillery emplacement \u2013 H: \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019 \u2013 I: \u2018Frohburg\u2019 non-commissioned officer post \u2013 K: mule track to Pass Umbrail<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-91096a71dac9a29f9\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-91096a71dac9a29f9 uvc-510 \" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-91096a71dac9a29f9 .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' style=\"font-weight:normal;\">\n<h3>A DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE FROM A MILITARY-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE<\/h3>\n<p>A detailed description of the route can be found in the hiking guide \u2018The Stelvio-Umbrail military-historical hiking trail\u2019 from page 55 onwards. The following explanations highlight places along the trail and explain their historical significance.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The Stelvio Pass and its road construction<\/h3>\n<p>A road construction project in a class of its own! Built within six years from 1820-1826 under the direction of the k.k. Carlo Donegani, who was elevated to the Austrian nobility as <em>Carl Donegani vom Stilfserberg<\/em> in 1840. 48 hairpin bends on the north-east ramp (Prad in South Tyrol) and 34 hairpin bends interrupted by six tunnels lead from the Veltlin (Bormio) to the highest motorable Alpine pass. Today, the Stelvio Pass road attracts hundreds of thousands of cycling enthusiasts and motorbike fans every year, so that during the summer months there is hardly a free parking space to be found on the pass at 2757 metres above sea level. So much for the facts, but how did such a challenging road project come about in the first place?<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner el_id=\u201ctrais-linguas-stilfserjochstrasse\u201c][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4329\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571209037{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Carlo Donegani (1775 \u2013 1845), builder of the Stelvio Pass road (construction period: 1820-1826) and the road over the Spl\u00fcgen Pass (construction period: 1821-1823). Picture: Fondazione Donegani<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4330\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d71070\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571237629{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Tyrolean ramp of the Stilfserjoch, seen from the Payerh\u00fctte on the Ortler. Picture: Wikipedia.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>Used again and again as a military road<\/h4>\n<p>Traffic over the Stelvio Pass was never of supra-regional importance. Goods were transported over the Umbrail Pass, which is 200 metres lower and objectively less dangerous. Nevertheless, regional trade between South Tyrol and Valtellina took place regularly. This crossing was used as early as the Bronze Age.<\/p>\n<p>In Roman times, a mule track led over the pass, which was important from a military point of view. The crossing enabled the rapid movement of troops to protect the <em>Via Claudia Augusta<\/em>, which ran over the Reschen Pass.<\/p>\n<p>The route followed the eastern (orographically left) side of the valley. From the settlement of Stilfs, the path led up to the Prader Alm and via today\u2019s Furkelh\u00fctte (see \u2018Kleinboden\u2019) along the mountain flank to the Goldsee. It can be assumed that today\u2019s hiking trail roughly corresponded to the route at that time, which was known as the \u2018Wormisionssteig\u2019 or \u2018Wormser Steig\u2019. Worms was the German name for Bormio and the Umbrail Pass was called \u2018Wormser-Joch\u2019 at the time.<\/p>\n<p>However, the importance of the crossing should not be overemphasised. It was only used when troops needed to be moved, particularly during the Thirty Years\u2018 War. In 1633, for example, a Milanese army with 12,000 soldiers and 1,600 horses crossed the pass to support the Austrian Archduke Leopold. In 1634, the Spanish king\u2019s brother led 21,000 soldiers into the Venosta Valley.<\/p>\n<p>In the course of the Risorgimento \u2013 the unification of Italy with corresponding wars of liberation against the Habsburg Empire \u2013 military measures were once again called for. The then Austrian territories in Veneto and especially in Lombardy rebelled against Habsburg rule and the construction of an efficient military road was necessary to maintain peace and order. Troops needed to be moved from the Austrian heartlands to Milan as quickly as possible.<\/p>\n<p>At the time of these uprisings (1815-1870), three Austrian emperors were entrusted with the leadership of the empire. Emperor Franz I (1804-1835), followed by his son Ferdinand I (1835-1848) and, after the \u2018European revolutionary year of 1848\u2019, his nephew, the legendary Franz Joseph I (1848-1916).<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4336\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571309928{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>During his reign, Franz I, Emperor of Austria and the last Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nations until 1806, organised the planning and construction of the road over the Stelvio Pass. The \u2018Franzensh\u00f6he\u2019 at 2193 metres on the pass road commemorates his initiative.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4335\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571335489{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Ferdinand I succeeded his father on the imperial throne in 1835. The crown prince, who was 32 years old at the time of the opening, gave his name to the \u2018Ferdinandsh\u00f6he\u2019 (pass summit of the Stilfserjoch) and the subsequent artillery position on the pass, the \u2018Ferdinand position\u2019.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>STELVIO PASS OR UMBRAIL PASS \u2013 A QUESTION OF NEUTRALITY<\/h4>\n<p>As already mentioned, goods were mainly transported via the Umbrail Pass. From the beginning of the 19th century, this route could be travelled by carts, but not by wagons. It was also used time and again to move troops from Lombardy to Tyrol and vice versa. An extension of this transit route would probably have been much less expensive than building a new road over the Stelvio Pass. Austria made corresponding offers, but these failed due to the decision of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to impose neutrality on Switzerland. Although this allowed cross-border road construction, using the route to move foreign troops was beyond all politically interpretable possibilities.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>DEVELOPMENT OF TOURISM<\/h4>\n<p>The construction of the road, but also the spirit of the times, meant that the Stilfserjoch also became a destination for wealthy people. Tourism in the Alps began to gain a foothold and regular postal services took travellers up and over the Alpine passes. As a result, appropriate accommodation was quickly built in the most scenic locations possible and appropriate catering was provided. Inns and even large hotels were built along the pass roads.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4348\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747571526586{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Stelvio Pass with the hotels \u2018Ferdinandsh\u00f6he\u2019 and \u2018Dreisprachenspitze\u2019. On the left is the Italian road maintenance depot at the junction with the Umbrail Pass. Source: Postkartenlexikon.de<\/h6>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner el_id=\u201cGrenzstellung Dreisprachenspitze\u201c][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4344\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572248829{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>View of the Stelvio Pass before the war. In the foreground is the Hotel Ferdinandsh\u00f6he. Source: Postkartenlexikon.de<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4345\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572287805{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The hotel on Franzensh\u00f6he. Source: Postkartenlexikon.de<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>Ascent along the border<\/h3>\n<p>The short ascent from the Stelvio Pass to the Dreisprachenspitze follows a hairpin bend on the south-western slope and soon runs along the ridge that marked the border between Austria\/Hungary and Italy until 1919. Today, this ridge marks the border between the two Italian provinces of Lombardy and South Tyrol.<\/p>\n<p>Once on the ridge, there is an impressive view of the Trafoi Valley with the 22 hairpin bends of the pass road between the Franzensh\u00f6he and Ferdinandsh\u00f6he. Just a few metres east of the border line, we can see the foundations of what were once part of the Austrian defence line along this border ridge. The firing positions on the actual border were taken from these shelters on the rear slope. Today, only a few of these are still visible, as various tracks that have developed over the years make it difficult to identify them clearly. However, the following illustration makes it possible to locate them to some extent.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4357\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572358460{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>1. Ferdinandsh\u00f6he \u2013 2. Haus Enzian (former Italian financial guard) \u2013 3. Austrian accommodations on the rear slope \u2013 4. Austrian machine gun post \u2013 5. Hotel Dreisprachenspitze \u2013 6. The Austrian \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019 \u2013 7. + 8. Austrian accommodations protected by the Swiss border. Illustration: Accola based on the original site plan by Lempruch, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n<h6>The two illustrations show the machine gun post (4) and the view from the Dreisprachenspitze towards the pass. Images: Imboden Collection, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4353\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572401660{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Excerpt from Lempruch\u2019s original plan (see above). Source: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4360\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572426624{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Mg position as it appears today. The materials used at the time are noteworthy. Concrete was in short supply on the Austrian side and was only used for very specific purposes. These included the foundations for cable cars, cooking stoves and exposed weapon positions. Otherwise, only stones from the immediate vicinity were used to build the wall.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#dreisprachenspitze_e\">The starting point on the Dreisprachenspitze<\/a><a id=\"dreisprachenspitze_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>An insignificant point on the map at 2,843 metres above sea level with three different names. The Dreisprachenspitze \u2013 known as Piz da las trais Linguas in Romansh or Cima Garibaldi \u2013 was one of the key locations during the First World War. This is where the common border stone of Italy, Austria-Hungary and Switzerland once stood. This border stone \u2013 bearing the number 1 \u2013 is still there, at 2,850 metres above sea level. Since summer 2014, three iron figures have been guarding it and telling visitors about the remarkable history that took place here over 100 years ago.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4324\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572592191{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The group of three mountain soldiers on the Dreisprachenspitze at sunrise in summer 2016. Left: the figure of an Italian Alpino with the typical feather on his hat; in the middle, an Austrian imperial rifleman with a hunter\u2019s hat and plume; on the right, the Swiss infantryman with a shako and pompom. Installation: Verein Stelvio-Umbrail 2014; Image: Daniel M. S\u00e4gesser, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c el_id=\u201ctrais-linguas-hotel-dreisprachenspitze\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572249447154{margin-top: 20px !important;margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The Dreisprachenspitze Hotel<\/h4>\n<p>The impressive building on the summit of the Dreisprachenspitze belonged to the Karner family from Prad. They also owned the Hotel Post, where the Austrian brigade command had set up its headquarters. The history of the Hotel Dreisprachenspitze is poorly documented, but various views (unfortunately not reliably dated) indicate that the building underwent several renovations and extensions.<\/p>\n<p><b>Important to know<\/b>: the current Ristorante Garibaldi was built in the 1950s and is not located on the same site as the wartime hotel. However, the foundation walls of the hotel are clearly visible and are located entirely on Swiss soil.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4365\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572656411{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<\/p><h6>The Hotel Dreisprachenspitze seen from the Breitkamm, with Austrian lodgings on the left and the summit of the Kleiner Scorluzzo in the background behind the hotel. The Naglerspitze is visible on the left in the fog. Source: Imboden Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>Use as military accommodation<\/h4>\n<p>After mobilisation in August 1914, Swiss troops confiscated the hotel as accommodation for their border guard detachments. The use of the building was contractually agreed with the Austrian owner family. With the outbreak of war (in 1914, Austria-Hungary was at war with Serbia and Russia), tourist travel collapsed and regular guests were no longer expected at the hotel. Accordingly, the Karner family is likely to have quickly agreed to the Swiss soldiers\u2018 intention to use the now empty building.<\/p>\n<p>It should also be noted that Austria-Hungary\u2019s defensive measures in the event of an expected outbreak of war with Italy were to first counter an Italian advance in the valley and surrender the actual Stilfserjoch pass without a fight. For them, the house was therefore of no military significance..<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4367\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572778311{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Inaugural address of the border detachment on the terrace in front of the hotel; source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4369\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572823092{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A group of observers records the activities of the warring parties on the terrace of the hotel. Source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4370\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572854539{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A detachment on its way to supply troops on the Dreisprachenspitze. Source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4368\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572929435{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The kitchen crew on the Dreisprachenspitze. Water was also in short supply here and had to be melted down laboriously and at great expense. Source: Federal Archives, Inventory E 27, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The border<\/h3>\n<p>The original boundary stones No. 1 and No. 2 still stand today, immediately south-east of the hotel, on what was once its terrace. While No. 1 marked the point where three countries met, No. 2 indicates the border with the Breitkamm, i.e. the border with the Austro-Hungarian Empire.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4397\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747572988508{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Today, boundary stone no. 1, C.S stands for \u2018Confederaziun svizra\u2019, meaning \u2018Swiss Confederation\u2019 in Romansh. The year 1865 indicates the date of the survey or the year the boundary stone was erected. \u2018R.I.\u2019 on the south side stands for \u2018Repubblica Italiana\u2019. Behind it is the Ristorante Garibaldi, named after the Italian freedom fighter of the Risorgimento. Image: Marcia Phillips, Pro Monstein, 2009.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4396\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573012097{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Boundary stone no. 2 and the marking of a supposed triangulation point for land surveying. It is unclear when this marking was added to the Dreisprachenspitze. This topographical point was of minor importance for surveying the national border. Visible behind the fog: the dominant peak of the Ortler. Image: Marcia Phillips, Pro Monstein, 2009.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The numbering of boundary stones is not consistent throughout Switzerland. There is also a boundary stone numbered 1 at the Basel-Weil border crossing, and there is one in Ticino and certainly others elsewhere. It is not clear how these numbers were assigned. Furthermore, not every stone was given its own number. Boundary markers between \u2018independent numbers\u2019 were then given an additional alphabetical designation, e.g. 1A or 12B. No. 1 was merely the starting point of a series of designations, which were then continued consecutively and \u2013 crucially \u2013 on both sides. Near the trilingual peak, there are therefore two boundary stones with the number 2 and two with the number 3, etc. Boundary stone No. 7 along the former Austrian border stands on the R\u00f6tlspitze, and the one along the Italian border near the Umbrail Pass is at the former non-commissioned officer\u2019s post No. 7.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4400\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573098534{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Boundary line and numbers of the corresponding markings in the affected area. Looking north-east, the (healthy) eye can see boundary stones No. 3 and, even better, No. 4 from stone No. 1. Knowledge of this line is important for understanding the border protection situation during the war years, as the border line on the Breitkamm is not as obvious as elsewhere. Map at: map.geo.admin.ch.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>Peace and relaxation in the shelter of the neutral border<\/h3>\n<p>All foundation walls still visible to the right and east of this border line are of Austrian origin. The immediate proximity to neutral Switzerland offered Austrian troops the opportunity to \u2018settle\u2019 here safely and undisturbed, as this area was located directly behind the hillside, which prevented effective direct fire from the Italians. Artillery shells could only take effect far away from this area. This was particularly true of the Italian artillery positions on the Forcola and Monte Braulio. But the broad ridge also made the artillery on the Passo d\u2019Ables a very difficult target to engage. If shells fired from the former position fell just a few metres short, they exploded on Swiss territory, which constituted a violation of neutrality. If they fell too short, they landed somewhere without causing any damage and also violated Switzerland\u2019s neutrality, which was recognised by both sides. The same applied to fire from the Passo d\u2019Ables: a few metres to the left meant shelling of neutral territory, a few metres too far to the right meant the shells landed somewhere on the steep slopes of the Breitkamm, but certainly had no effect in the immediate vicinity of the border.<\/p>\n<p>It was therefore advisable for the Austrians to \u2018settle down\u2019 here in the immediate vicinity of the Dreisprachenspitze hotel and the border line and find peace and relaxation from the hardships and combat operations on the actual front.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572249901233{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_single_image image=\u201c2902\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573192369{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The remains of a cooking stove on the Breitkamm bear witness to the long-term presence of Austrian troops under the protection of the Swiss border.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254048908{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The Austrian troop camp on the Dreisprachenspitze and near the positions along the Italian border had a dual significance. On the one hand, it served as a retreat for soldiers who had to occupy the front line along the border ridge described above (see illustration above). On the other hand, the location also offered the opportunity to access the site safely by cable car and to ensure logistical services. Accordingly, the Breitkamm site not only contains the remains of accommodation huts and at least one kitchen, but also those of an ammunition depot, a medical aid station and the remains of the foundations of a cable car station.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4420\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573251801{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The first-aid station on the Breitkamm. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4424\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573277027{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Austrian accommodation near the border with the Hotel Dreisprachenspitze in the background. Image: Imboden Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>Small border traffic<\/h4>\n<p>The immediate proximity to the Swiss border troops naturally led to frequent exchanges of ideas. There was also a lively exchange of food and war artefacts. Swiss chocolate was traded for Austrian \u2018souvenirs\u2019 such as dud bombs and tobacco pipes. The latter were even manufactured especially for the Swiss soldiers.<\/p>\n<p>The boundary stones on the Dreisprachenspitze also became a meeting place for generals. Various photographs document such meetings.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4607\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573436651{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Division Commander Schiessle and Colonel Bridler meet at the Dreisprachenspitze with Captain Andreas Steiner, the \u2018hero of the occupation of Monte Scorluzzo\u2019. On the right of the picture is the commander of the 76th Infantry Battalion, Major Joseph M\u00fcller. Image: M\u00fcller Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4605\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573467438{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Exchange of ideas and trade in goods within the framework of \u2018small border traffic\u2019. Austrian and Swiss soldiers chat across the border fence at the Hotel Dreisprachenspitze. Source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254048908{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4609\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573522802{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Austrian officers meet with Swiss comrades at the geographical orientation board near the Hotel Dreisprachenspitze. The round marble board is now located on the terrace of the Ristorante Garibaldi. Image: Austrian State Archives Vienna, Digital: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#logistik_e\">LOGISTICAL CHALLENGE<\/a><a id=\"logistik_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<h4>Cable cars: the lifeline of supply<\/h4>\n<p>Supplying the mountain soldiers was a matter of utmost importance to everyone involved. \u2018No food, no fight!\u2019 This old soldier\u2019s saying applied both at the front and across borders. In addition to food, wood was also on the daily list of requirements to fuel the sparse cooking and heating facilities in the high altitudes. Construction timber was also needed to erect new fortifications or maintain existing ones, and ammunition was always on the requisition list for their defence.<\/p>\n<p>Providing all these goods in the valley was challenging enough. In the final years of the war, there was a shortage of everything. The daily supply of the front lines presented logisticians with additional, far more difficult tasks.<\/p>\n<p>The availability of transport cableways was essential for supplying the high ground positions.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4432\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573650652{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The transport cable car from Franzensh\u00f6he to the military camp on the Dreisprachenspitze. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4431\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573674763{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The mountain station of the cable car from Franzensh\u00f6he on the Breitkamm. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]Both Italians and Austrians built large numbers of such railways along the entire front. Technical knowledge for constructing such facilities was virtually non-existent at the start of the war. Only Bavaria had so-called branch lines to supply remote farms, and so it was the German Alpine Corps that provided the Austrian army with the necessary expertise. It can be assumed that Italy, as a former \u2018ally in the Triple Alliance\u2019, also benefited from this knowledge.<br>\nSwitzerland completely refrained from using transport cableways. Military cableway construction in the Swiss Confederation did not begin until after the First World War.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4423\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573737213{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Overview of transport cableways built in the Ortler region until the end of the war. Illustration from: Accola\/Fuhrer, Stilfserjoch-Umbrail 1914-1918, Documentation, Military History You Can Touch, Au, 2000.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>SUPPLYING THE FRONT<\/h4>\n<p>Franzensh\u00f6he was the hub of supply along the Ortler front. Before the four branch lines could transport goods from this location to the positions, the necessary materials had to be brought there. It is therefore worth taking a look at the preceding links in a delicate transport chain.<\/p>\n<p>Goods from the Reich territory were transported by rail via the Brenner line (opened in 1867) or the Puster Valley (opened in 1871) to Bolzano and on to Merano, which had been connected to the Brenner line via a standard-gauge connection since 1881. In Merano, the goods were transferred to narrow-gauge railway vehicles through the Vinschgau Valley, which was opened in 1906.<\/p>\n<p>After another 50 kilometres, the <i>Vinschgerbahn <\/i>reached the small station of Spondinig, an inconspicuous hamlet on the eastern edge of the municipality of Schluderns. Here, the railway wagons were unloaded and the goods temporarily stored.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4456\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c alignment=\u201ccenter\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573865970{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Spondinig, a few kilometres northeast of Prad, at the junction of the Stilfserjoch road, on a postcard from 1905. The Posthotel Hirsch opened in that year and housed the stage command and, in particular, the military hospital during the war years. The Stilfserjoch pass can be seen at the lowest point on the horizon. Image: Postkartenlexikon.de<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254048908{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>THE STAGE<\/h4>\n<p>Spondinig was operated in a broader sense as a<i> staging area<\/i>, a logistical supply facility. This is where the rear services such as military hospitals, supply trains, administrative and maintenance units were located. The members of the supply train were then responsible for transporting the goods to the supply points near the front. Trucks were used for this purpose, but carts were also used in particular. Finally, pack horses and even dogs were used for transport.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4440\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573936409{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A mule train transporting ammunition. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4439\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747573972530{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Wood transport by dog cart. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>MEDICAL SERVICES<\/h4>\n<p>The care and specific treatment of sick and wounded soldiers was also the responsibility of the rear echelon. However, the rescue and transport of the affected persons to appropriate facilities was the task of the frontline troops. For this purpose, the units had a medical patrol with four \u2018wound bearers\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The command assumed that approximately 10% of each unit would be wounded during and after combat. Of these, 25% were expected to be killed, 25% seriously wounded and 50% suffer injuries resulting in minor wounds. With an average unit strength of 140 men, 14 soldiers were expected to be seriously injured and rescued via the so-called \u2018patient route\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Initial treatment was provided at the scene by comrades. For this purpose, each soldier had a \u2018first aid kit\u2019 containing items for disinfecting and dressing gunshot and shrapnel wounds.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4490\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574032695{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Wounded soldiers carry a casualty to a first-aid station. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4491\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574066785{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The aid station on the Dreisprachenspitze. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]They were then transported by stretcher bearers to the first facility supervised by a doctor, known as the \u2018aid station\u2019. One such station was also operated at the Dreisprachenspitze, where initial triage was carried out to separate the seriously wounded from the lightly wounded. The latter were transferred to a \u2018lightly wounded station\u2019. Depending on their recovery, the patients were either returned directly to the troops or, after a stay in the \u2018field hospital\u2019, a decision was made on their further use.<br>\nThe seriously wounded were admitted to the \u2018dressing station\u2019, where measures comparable to those taken in today\u2019s emergency rooms and intensive care units in hospitals were taken. Surgical procedures, including amputations, were on the list of tasks for a large number of doctors and nurses. The locations of these dressing stations in Defence District I cannot be conclusively proven. It is possible that one was set up in Prad.<br>\nIf the patient survived the operation, they were taken to a \u2018field hospital\u2019 which was operated for the Ortler section in Spondinig. It is conceivable that the \u2018dressing station\u2019 was also located here. Sad evidence for this assumption is provided by the immediate vicinity of the \u2018war cemetery\u2019, which was always built near dressing stations or field hospitals.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4495\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574143342{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Hospital room in a field hospital. There are hardly any images of usable quality from the hospital in Spondinig. Symbolic image, source: S\u00fcddeutsche Zeitung.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4497\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574169690{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The heroes\u2018 cemetery near Spondinig during the war years. Image: Knoll Collection, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Literature: There are numerous publications on medical services in the First World War. Recommended reading:<b> L\u00fcchinger Stephan \/ Brunner Theodor<\/b> <i>\u2018Verwundetentransport im Ersten Weltkrieg\u2019<\/i> (Transport of the wounded in the First World War), GMS annual publication 2004.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#lempruchlager_e\">The \u2018Lempruch camp\u2019<\/a><a id=\"lempruchlager_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>About one kilometre northeast of the summit of the Dreisprachenspitze, we come across the remaining foundation walls of an impressive accommodation complex. The outlines of barracks, kitchen facilities and the concrete anchoring of a cable car station can be seen, which was used to supply this location from the Franzensh\u00f6he. These facilities were named after the second commander of Defence District I, Colonel Moritz Erwin Freiherr von Lempruch, and were recorded as the \u2018Lempruchlager\u2019 in field files and later historiography.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4506\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574330983{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018Lempruch camp\u2019 in the immediate vicinity of the Swiss border, photographed by the Swiss Army\u2019s news section in 1917. Source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]In Lempruch\u2019s camp \u2013 which included the other facilities along the ridge \u2013 there was almost everything a soldier, and especially an officer, could wish for. There was a bathhouse, sources also mention a \u2018casino with the possibility of projecting moving images\u2019, in front of the accommodation huts there were \u2018herb gardens\u2019, physical and health needs were taken care of, and the first anti-aircraft guns ensured protection against attacks from the air. The local power supply provided electric light, and telephone lines enabled communication with the front lines and facilities in the valley.<br>\nTroops returning from the front lines were to be able to recover here, and the \u2018Lempruch camp\u2019 offered almost all the amenities they could expect. These included a chapel, the floor plan of which we can no longer find today, but whose existence is documented in photographs and artistic illustrations.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4509\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574398417{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Lempruch camp in a painting by Swiss church painter Augustin Meinrad B\u00e4chtiger (born 12 May 1888 in M\u00f6rschwil, died 4 May 1971 in Gossau), who served as a border guard in the St. Gallen Fusiliers Battalion 82, which was stationed on the Umbrail Pass and the Dreisprachenspitze in January 1917. The chapel of the Lempruch camp can be seen on the left of the picture. On the right is the location of the Swiss non-commissioned officers\u2018 post. Image: From the family\u2019s collection, digital copy in the archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner css=\u201c.vc_custom_1592249582873{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #f5f5f5 !important;}\u201c][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-19496a71dac9a2a39\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-19496a71dac9a2a39 uvc-5708  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-19496a71dac9a2a39 h2\" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}'><h2 style=\"--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:10px;\">MORITZ ERWIN FREIHERR VON LEMPRUCH<\/h2><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]Anyone interested in the events of the war along the Ortler front will repeatedly encounter the name \u2018Lempruch\u2019. Chapels, bridges and streets bear his name and commemorate the charismatic commander of Defence District I. Honorary citizenship awards from Glurns, Prad, Stilfs and Taufers testify to his close ties with the local population.\n<p>Lempruch was born on 23 April 1871 in the Duchy of Carniola, now Novo Mesto in Slovenia. His father (Anton) was a colonel in the Imperial and Royal Army, and little is known about his mother (Alice) except for her dates of birth and death. Moritz was the couple\u2019s third son and grew up well protected in his father\u2019s various garrison towns.<\/p>\n<p>After graduating from high school in 1887, he intended to study at a technical university, but his father believed that Moritz Erwin<i> \u2018had to serve the emperor and the empire as an officer.\u2019<\/i><\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-8bf12ee4cf137ca88a94e469da24484c.enable-bg-rollover .rollover i,\n.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-8bf12ee4cf137ca88a94e469da24484c.enable-bg-rollover .rollover-video i {\n  background: -webkit-linear-gradient();\n  background: linear-gradient();\n}\n.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-8bf12ee4cf137ca88a94e469da24484c .rollover-icon {\n  font-size: 32px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  min-width: 44px;\n  min-height: 44px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  border-radius: 100px;\n  border-style: solid;\n  border-width: 0px;\n}\n.dt-icon-bg-on.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-8bf12ee4cf137ca88a94e469da24484c .rollover-icon {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  box-shadow: none;\n}<\/style><div class=\"shortcode-single-image-wrap shortcode-single-image-8bf12ee4cf137ca88a94e469da24484c alignnone  enable-bg-rollover dt-icon-bg-off\" style=\"margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; width:500px;\"><div class=\"shortcode-single-image\"><div class=\"fancy-media-wrap\" style=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Lempruch-Portrait.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Lempruch-Portrait.jpg 409w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 409px) 100vw, 409px\" width=\"409\" height=\"604\" data-dt-location=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/lempruch-portrait\/\" style=\"--ratio: 409 \/ 604;\" alt=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=\u201c10\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Colonel Moritz Erwin Freiherr von Lempruch, \u2018Portrait of the Author,\u2019 as he himself described the image in his work \u2018Ortlerk\u00e4mpfe \u2013 Der K\u00f6nig der Deutschen Alpen und seine Helden\u2019 (Battles on the Ortler \u2013 The King of the German Alps and His Heroes).<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c10\u2033]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-5de0159b0a7af9b89a16fe38299a4799.enable-bg-rollover .rollover i,\n.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-5de0159b0a7af9b89a16fe38299a4799.enable-bg-rollover .rollover-video i {\n  background: -webkit-linear-gradient();\n  background: linear-gradient();\n}\n.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-5de0159b0a7af9b89a16fe38299a4799 .rollover-icon {\n  font-size: 32px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  min-width: 44px;\n  min-height: 44px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  border-radius: 100px;\n  border-style: solid;\n  border-width: 0px;\n}\n.dt-icon-bg-on.shortcode-single-image-wrap.shortcode-single-image-5de0159b0a7af9b89a16fe38299a4799 .rollover-icon {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  box-shadow: none;\n}<\/style><div class=\"shortcode-single-image-wrap shortcode-single-image-5de0159b0a7af9b89a16fe38299a4799 alignnone  enable-bg-rollover dt-icon-bg-off\" style=\"margin-top:0px; margin-bottom:0px; margin-left:0px; margin-right:0px; width:500px;\"><div class=\"shortcode-single-image\"><div class=\"fancy-media-wrap\" style=\"\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Kalal-Hyza-Lempruch-Molterer-Cassek-500x352.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Kalal-Hyza-Lempruch-Molterer-Cassek-500x352.jpg 500w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Kalal-Hyza-Lempruch-Molterer-Cassek-1000x704.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" width=\"500\" height=\"352\" data-dt-location=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wanderwegnetz-trais-linguas\/kalal-hyza-lempruch-molterer-cassek\/\" style=\"--ratio: 500 \/ 352;\" alt=\"\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=\u201c10\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Colonel von Lempruch (centre), flanked by his front commanders Kalal, Hyza, Molterer and Cassek (from left to right); image from: Lempruch, the King of the German Alps and his heroes, collection: Knoll, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]Accordingly, he attended the three classes of the engineering department at the Imperial Military Technical Academy at Stiftgasse 2 in Vienna as a \u2018pupil\u2019 until 1890, graduating with average results.\n<p>His certificate attests to his \u2018fairly quick comprehension, cheerful, respectful and characterful disposition, and courteous, very decent behaviour.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>At the age of 19, the newly qualified lieutenant of the Railway and Telegraph Regiment began his professional career in the Imperial and Royal Army. In addition to his duties in the regiment, he attended several further training courses, mainly in the field of engineering. In 1899, a report from the military academy records his training in the following subjects: tactics, strategy, fortifications, artillery, military geography, construction engineering, electrical engineering and French.<\/p>\n<p>He was then assigned to the staff of the Engineering Directorate in Trento, where he was deployed to construct various defensive positions in the Fiemme Valley (Val di Fiemme) and at the Passo di Rolle.<\/p>\n<p>In 1900, Lempruch was appointed captain and in 1908 recommended for promotion to major in the engineering staff. Two years later, he received the corresponding promotion. In addition to Vienna, sources mention Korneuburg, Trento, Theresienstadt, Krakow and other locations as places of service.<\/p>\n<p>From 1910 to 1913, he taught engineering subjects at the Military Academy.<\/p>\n<p>At the beginning of the war, he was involved in barrier installations in Tyrol and served as a lieutenant colonel in the Engineering Directorate in Brixen. From December to March 1915, he assisted in the construction of fortifications in Galicia, where he was deemed to have been <i>\u2018in enemy fire\u2019<\/i>.<\/p>\n<p>After Italy declared war, he returned to Brixen, where he temporarily fell ill with dysentery and was promoted to colonel on 1 September 1915. In this capacity, he commanded the combat group on the Folgaria plateau from October 1915 and, in March 1916, following the sudden death of Colonel Abendorf, was appointed his successor as commander of the defence sector on the Ortler.<\/p>\n<p>Lempruch had been married to Maria-Viktoria Countess Sizzo-Noris since 1905. Two children, a daughter Maria-Alix (1906) and a son Karl Heinrich (1907), were born from this union. Another son (1917) was born from an extramarital relationship with his housekeeper in Prad.<\/p>\n<p>After the war, the von Lempruch family settled in Innsbruck, where the retired colonel wrote down his memories of the front, which were published in 1925 in the richly illustrated work \u2018Der K\u00f6nig der Deutschen Alpen und seine Helden \u2013 Ortlerk\u00e4mpfe 1915\/1918\u2019 (The King of the German Alps and his Heroes \u2013 Battles on the Ortler 1915\/1918). In the meantime, he was promoted to Major General in the reserve, probably in recognition of his achievements and to increase his pension contributions. No other reasons can be substantiated.<\/p>\n<p>The pensioner, who had been widowed since 1930, spent his twilight years in Wiedendorf (now Strass im Waldviertel) in Lower Austria. He died on 19 February 1946 at the age of 75 and was buried in Elsarn.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c10px\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Literature: In his account of the events of the World War, Lempruch provides little information about himself. His work has been republished in an expanded form. Recommendation:<strong> Heinz K\u00f6nig<\/strong>: \u2018Gedenke, O Wanderer\u2026\u2019 (Remember, O Wanderer\u2026): biographical mosaic about Moritz Erwin Freiherr von Lempruch, retired Major General. Autonomous Region of Trentino-South Tyrol, no place, 2012 and <b>Helmut Golowitsch<\/b> (ed.): <i>Ortlerk\u00e4mpfe 1915\u20131918. Der K\u00f6nig der Deutschen Alpen und seine Helden von Generalmajor Freiherrn von Lempruch (The Ortler Battles 1915\u20131918. The King of the German Alps and his heroes by Major General Freiherr von Lempruch), supplemented by historical contributions<\/i>, Buchdienst S\u00fcdtirol, Nuremberg, 2005.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1597573169478{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c el_id=\u201ctrais-linguas-goldseestellung\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254048908{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#goldsee_e\">The \u2018Goldsee\u2019<\/a><a id=\"goldsee_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Two kilometres to the northeast, almost at the same height as the Dreisprachenspitze, are the remains of the former artillery position \u2018Goldsee\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4568\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574882784{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Artillery observer shelter in the Goldsee position. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The choice of this location for artillery guns and the materials used for the expansion raise questions. The remaining building ruins indicate solid construction. In contrast to the facilities along the ridge, concrete was used and the entire complex does not give the impression of a temporary installation. If we consider the original defence concept of the Austro-Hungarian Army to repel an Italian attack via the Stelvio Pass, much becomes clear. What can be found here was built around 1912 and formed the left flank protection of the Gomagoi fortress. Further information can be found on the page \u2018Kleinboden\u2019.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4570\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574946461{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Foundations of the mountain station of the supply cable car from Franzensh\u00f6he. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4571\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747574971951{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Observation and primary artillery range from the Goldsee position. In the centre, the Stelvio Pass and the summit of Monte Scorluzzo. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The guns stationed here were mainly effective in the first days of the war. Cannons and howitzers successfully supported the daring operation to occupy Monte Scorluzzo in the days leading up to it.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#denkmaldsp_e\">A monument with a special history<\/a><a id=\"denkmaldsp_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>A few metres from the Dreisprachenspitze, just before boundary stone no. 3, we find three special commemorative plaques on Swiss soil. The inscription on the marble slabs commemorates the \u2018heroic struggle\u2019 of Austro-Hungarian soldiers along the Ortler front with the following words:<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1597565344218{border-top-width: 1px !important;border-right-width: 1px !important;border-bottom-width: 1px !important;border-left-width: 1px !important;background-color: #e2e2e2 !important;border-left-style: solid !important;border-right-style: solid !important;border-top-style: solid !important;border-bottom-style: solid !important;}\u201c]\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">TREU BIS ZUM TODE<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SEINEM KAISER UND APOSTOLISCHEN K\u00d6NIG<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SEINEM VATERLANDE UNS SEINER HEIMAT,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SEINER RUHMVOLLEN VORFAHREN W\u00dcRDIG,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">VERTEIDIGTE DAS IV. RESERVEBATAILLON DES UNGARISCHEN INF. REGTS. NR. 29<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>FREIHERR VON LOUDON<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">IN DEN KRIEGSJAHREN 1915, 1916, 1917 UND 1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">UNTER DEM KOMMANDO DES HAUPTMANN KALAL U. DES OBERSLTS. EDL VON KUNZE<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>DAS STILFSERJOCH<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">UND DIE VERSCHNEITEN, UNWIRTLICHEN, EISIGEN H\u00d6HEN<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">VON DER DREISPRACHENSPITZE \u00dcBER DEN SCORLUZZO, DEN NAGLER<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">UND DEN KRYSTALLKAMM<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">RUHMVOLL UND OHNE EINEN SCHRITT ZU WEICHEN<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">GEGEN\u00dcBER EINEM TAPFEREN FEINDE IN MEHR ALS 40 GEFECHTEN.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SEIN GESEGNETER NAME BLEIBT F\u00dcR IMMER VERBUNDEN MIT JENEN DER BERGE,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DIE STUMME ZEUGEN SEINES HELDENKAMPFES SIND:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SCORLUZZO, HOHE SCHNEID, TUKETTSPITZE, HINTERER MADATSCH U. KRYSTALLKAMM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">GEDENKE O WANDERER, DER DU HIER IN LICHTEREN ZEITEN VORBEIZIEHST<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">IN EHRFURCHT DERJENIGEN,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DIE, FERNE IHRER HEIMAT, TREU IN EISESST\u00dcRMEN, NOT UND TOD<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DIES KLEINOD IN DER KRONE HABSBURGS SCHIRMTEN;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">SIE JUBELTEN HIER AM 16. SEPTEMBER 1917 IHREM KAISER UND K\u00d6NIG ZU,<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DER SEINE TREUEN LANDESKINDER<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">UNTER FEINDLICHEN KANONENDONNER ZU BESUCHEN KAM.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DER WEISSE BERGTOD SOWIE DER TOD UNTER FEINDLICHER EINWIRKUNG HAT UNTER<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">DEN TREUEN S\u00d6HNEN S\u00dcDUNGARNS REICHE ERNTE GEHALTEN;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">GOTT ABER NAHM SEINE HELDEN LIEBREICH UND GN\u00c4DIG AUF.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">ERRICHTET IM JAHR 1918<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">AUS SPENDEN DES TAPFEREN IV.\/29. RESERVEBATAILLONS<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">VON SEINEM RAYONSKOMMANDANTEN<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">OBERST FREIHERR VON LEMPRUCH<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]With the exception of the language, which seems somewhat archaic to us today, there appears to be nothing unusual here \u2013 but why is this monument located in Switzerland?\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_single_image image=\u201c4445\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1592249802278{padding-top: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575176332{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The marble plaques from Laas on the Breitkamm. On the left is a diptych with the names of 44 officers, in the centre is the text reproduced above in German, and to the right is the Hungarian version. At the top of the two plaques, you can see the Habsburg crown (left) and the Hungarian Crown of St. Stephen. Photo taken in 2016, after completion of extensive restoration work by the Stelvio-Umbrail 14\/18 Association.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The memorial plaques are no longer in their original location. Their arrangement also differs from the original layout. The exact date of their erection is unknown, but the inscription mentions the last year of the war (1918) as the year of construction. However, the diaries contain no references to the reason for the memorial or the form of its inauguration. It can be assumed, however, that this took place in a dignified manner as part of a field mass.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4584\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575241854{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The ruins of the Hotel Dreisprachenspitze in a photograph from 1928. The commemorative plaques are clearly visible in their original location below boundary stone no. 2. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4583\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575266858{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The original arrangement of the panels. A photograph taken by Rudolf Zinggeler in the early post-war years, probably in 1919. Source: Federal Archives for Monument Preservation, Zinggeler Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The story behind the story<\/h4>\n<p>In the course of the far-reaching measures to Italianise South Tyrol, the monument fell victim to an act of vandalism. Whether this was an officially ordered action or a spontaneous act by fascist supporters cannot be determined. After South Tyrol was ceded to Italy (1919), the government eliminated everything recognisable that reminded people of the time of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Double-headed eagles were removed from official buildings, inscriptions were painted over\u2026 but this is a story after the story and would inevitably go beyond the scope of further explanations.<\/p>\n<p>We know that in July 1953, a group of history students from the University of Zurich on a study trip led by the legendary Prof. Marcel Beck were informed by a Swiss border guard about the whereabouts of the marble fragments. These were found not far from their former location on the slope leading to the Stilfserjoch road and were recovered by the group in a \u2018cloak-and-dagger operation\u2019. Swiss border guards from the Umbrail post were then tasked with assembling the fragments into a temporary monument. The location of this memorial, which stood for the next 20 years, is unknown and, unfortunately, there is no photographic evidence of it.<\/p>\n<p>Marcel Beck visited the Dreisprachenspitze once again in 1972 and decided to take measures that would contribute to the \u2018complete rescue of the monument\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The restoration of the marble slabs, consisting of 14 fragments and some missing parts of the inscription, was carried out in the marble workshop in Laas, where the originals had been made in 1918. The original head section of the diptych with the inscription 1915-1916 F.J.I. (for Emperor Franz Josef I) and 1917-1919 K. (for Emperor Karl) remained missing and was not reconstructed. The project was once again financed by donations, this time mainly from the members of the Officers\u2018 Association of the Canton of Graub\u00fcnden and the Lions Club Val M\u00fcstair.<\/p>\n<p>In 1976, the panels were to be erected on the Breitkamm at their current location. Emperor Karl\u2019s son, Otto von Habsburg (1912\u20132011), and his mother, Empress Zita (1898\u20131989), who was living in Zizers at the time, were not present at the inauguration of the memorial, but letters of thanks for their moral support demonstrate the gratitude of the House of Habsburg for this initiative.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4586\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575342397{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Restoration work in 2015\/2016 on the Dreisprachenspitze. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4587\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>On the occasion of the centenary, the marble plaques were restored to ensure their durability and legibility. Based on original documents, the inscription was repainted in black and is now perfectly legible.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4590\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575446652{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A dreamlike place to reflect on the past and the future. In the background, the Piz Umbrail is under construction. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>Don\u2019t leave the Dreisprachenspitze without taking a look at another special feature. At the foot of the terrace of today\u2019s Ristorante Garibaldi, a few metres to the north-east, you can see the course of a trench that was of special significance. There are various names for it. Sources refer to it as the \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019 (Swiss trench), the \u2018Lebensversicherung\u2019 (life insurance) and also the \u2018Paradegraben\u2019 (parade trench) as common place names.<\/p>\n<p>This Austrian defensive position ran along the border with Switzerland, which was already Italian territory at the time. Exactly means here: two metres from the border.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4594\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575531994{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Austrian trench on Italian soil. The wooden stake visible in the foreground (right) marks the Swiss border. Source: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4611\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575554407{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Observers in the \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019. Source: Austrian State Archives Vienna, Digital Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]This trench caused the Italians some concern, as it was almost impossible to fight the enemy from this position. Any shots fired inevitably resulted in projectiles or ricochets landing on Swiss soil, which was tantamount to a violation of the neutrality of the Swiss Confederation, recognised by both sides.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4597\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575644767{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Schematic representation of the border situation at the trilingual peak, assessed in accordance with neutrality law requirements. In blue: Swiss bases, in green: Austrian facilities and movements, in red: Italian positions and measures. Actions permitted under neutrality law are indicated by a correction mark, border violations by an \u2018X\u2019. Illustration: Accola, in \u2018100 Years of the First World War\u2019, lecture series 2014, archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The Italians therefore intervened against the use of this Austrian facility as a trench against the commander of the Swiss troops. If the enemy continued to fire from the \u2018Swiss trench\u2019, Italy would respond with artillery fire, even if this meant violating the border.<br>\nThe Swiss officers responded pragmatically: \u2018Then we will withdraw from the trilingual peak and only guard the border at the Umbrail Pass.\u2019 This could not be in Austria\u2019s interest, as neutral Switzerland guaranteed the protection of its accommodation facilities on the Breitkamm.<br>\nThrough Swiss mediation, a unique compromise was reached: observation from the \u2018Schweizergraben\u2019 was permitted, but firing from it was not. The original combat trench was now an observation post and soon became a \u2018parade trench\u2019. The agreements reached suggested that this position was unlikely to come under fire. Anyone who entered the trench was therefore \u2018on the safe side,\u2019 and so the generals mainly used this location during their visits to the front to inspect the troops \u2018under cannon fire.\u2019 The alternative name for the trench, \u2018life insurance,\u2019 is therefore understandable.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4600\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575738365{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Emperor Karl (1887-1922) visiting on 16 September 1917. The picture shows the monarch after returning from his visit to the \u2018Paradegraben\u2019, which was connected to the trench system in the positions on the border ridge (see also illustration \u2018Ascent along the border\u2019). Image: Knoll Collection, MUSEUM 14\/18 Archive.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The \u2018military track\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>Although the name is not particularly appealing, this is what the Swiss supply route to the Dreisprachenspitze peak from the Umbrail Pass is known as locally. Ideally, convoys of pack animals would set off from the middle of the Umbrail Pass to supply the officers\u2018 post on the Dreisprachenspitze peak with goods, but transport often involved a great deal of effort and was carried out on foot.<\/p>\n<p>Sixteen hairpin bends overcome an altitude difference of almost 400 metres along a path that was built by the 6\/3 Sapper Company in the second year of the war. Along the way, we come across two Swiss non-commissioned officers\u2018 posts \u2013 the \u201cFrohburg\u201d near boundary stone no. 3 and the \u201cSplitterheim\u201d near stone 6A.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4613\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747575854669{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018military track\u2019 from the Umbrail Pass to the Dreisprachenspitze peak, photographed by the Archaeological Service of the Canton of Graub\u00fcnden in 2013. As part of an inventory of archaeological monuments, this route was recorded and classified as historically significant, and a conservation project was launched. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The retaining walls and rain deflectors of the \u2018military track\u2019 are currently in a deplorable state. Even though a project to renovate the hiking trail is underway, care is still needed. We would particularly ask the many <b>mountain bikers<\/b> who often use this trail, unaware of its historical significance, to <b>be considerate<\/b>.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4614\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747576029366{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018Military Track\u2019 Umbrail \u2013 Dreisprachenspitze. Source: Federal Archives, Inventory E 27, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4615\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747576082022{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>A column of soldiers after supplying the Dreisprachenspitze on the \u2018Milit\u00e4rstrasse\u2019. Image: Federal Archives, inventory E 27, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c2903\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747576114864{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018Lempruch camp\u2019 as it stands today. Image: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-34086a71dac9a363e\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-34086a71dac9a363e uvc-4372  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"line_with_icon\" data-hline_width=\"auto\" data-hicon_type=\"custom\" data-hborder_style=\"solid\" data-hborder_height=\"1\" data-hborder_color=\"#ccc\" data-icon_width=\"48\" data-hfixer=\"10\" data-halign=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer line_with_icon\" style=\"top\"><div class=\"ult-just-icon-wrapper  \"><div class=\"align-icon\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<div class=\"aio-icon-img \" style=\"font-size:48px;display:inline-block;\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-icon\" alt=\"null\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/apple-touch-icon-72x72-e1659764144230.png\">\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c bg_type=\u201cbg_color\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1752844335170{margin-top: 40px !important;padding-top: 60px !important;padding-bottom: 70px !important;}\u201c bg_color_value=\u201c#f5f5f5\u2033][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-87826a71dac9a3669\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-87826a71dac9a3669 uvc-4762 color-title accent-title-color\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-87826a71dac9a3669 h2\" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"desktop:40px;tablet_portrait:20px;\",\"line-height\":\"desktop:46px;tablet_portrait:26px;\"}'><h2 style=\"font-family:'Open Sans Condensed';font-weight:700;margin-bottom:10px;\">Would you like to explore the hiking trails accompanied by experts?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-87826a71dac9a3669 .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"desktop:30px;tablet_portrait:40px;\",\"line-height\":\"desktop:76px;tablet_portrait:46px;\"}' style=\"font-family:'Open Sans Condensed';font-weight:700;\">You are in the right place on this page.\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">#default-btn-720aa9ed0f4999f65e26a4e233f31b98.ico-right-side > i {\n  margin-right: 0px;\n  margin-left: 8px;\n}\n#default-btn-720aa9ed0f4999f65e26a4e233f31b98 > i {\n  margin-right: 8px;\n}<\/style><div class=\"btn-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/gefuehrte-wanderungen\/\" class=\"default-btn-shortcode dt-btn dt-btn-l link-hover-off  vc_custom_1747576233302\" id=\"default-btn-720aa9ed0f4999f65e26a4e233f31b98\" style=\"width:400px;\"><span>Guided hikes<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572185363958{margin-top: 30px !important;}\u201c][vc_column]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-2263a4500f7b938a9a538e1f544d9663 figure,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-2263a4500f7b938a9a538e1f544d9663 .rollover,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-2263a4500f7b938a9a538e1f544d9663 img,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-2263a4500f7b938a9a538e1f544d9663 .gallery-rollover {\n  border-radius: 0px;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-2263a4500f7b938a9a538e1f544d9663.enable-bg-rollover .gallery-rollover {\n  background: -webkit-linear-gradient();\n  background: 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src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dreisprachenspitze-003-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dreisprachenspitze-003-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dreisprachenspitze-003-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"2897\" data-date=\"2019-10-25T22:35:55+02:00\" data-name=\"OLYMPUS DIGITAL CAMERA\"><article class=\"post visible post-2897 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dreisprachenspitze-02.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" 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https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/10\/Dreisprachenspitze-01-e1597770710484-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><\/div><!-- iso-container|iso-grid --><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8220;vc_default&#8220; css=&#8220;.vc_custom_1572247410809{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}&#8220;][vc_column][vc_separator css=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_single_image image=&#8220;9839&#8243; img_size=&#8220;full&#8220; css=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220;] This page has been translated using artificial intelligence. Our specialists are working to ensure that the text is written in correct military terminology. We ask for your understanding. [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220;] Until 1918, the border between Italy and the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy ran across the&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":100,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10406","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10406","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10406"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10406\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10406"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10406"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10406"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}