{"id":10397,"date":"2025-05-18T11:33:07","date_gmt":"2025-05-18T09:33:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/?page_id=10397"},"modified":"2025-07-18T15:09:57","modified_gmt":"2025-07-18T13:09:57","slug":"the-kleinboden-path","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/the-kleinboden-path\/","title":{"rendered":"The Kleinboden Path"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\">[vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1498229431694{padding-bottom: 50px !important;}\u201c][vc_single_image image=\u201c9839\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c css=\u201c\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4 style=\"text-align: center;\">This page has been translated using artificial intelligence. Our specialists are working to ensure that the text is written in correct military terminology. We ask for your understanding.<\/h4>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=\u201c\u201c][vc_empty_space]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-49486a71df85095ba\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-49486a71df85095ba uvc-5178 \" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-49486a71df85095ba .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' style=\"font-weight:normal;\">\n<h3>\u2018Kleinboden\u2019<\/h3>\n<h3>The Austrian defence line before the outbreak of war<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The Austrian defence plan (1912) envisaged repelling a possible Italian attack over the Stelvio Pass on a rear barrier. This line of defence, anchored on the outdated Fort Gomagoi, ran northwards to Kleinboden and southwards to the ridge of the Zumpanell. The traces that can be found today on Kleinboden bear witness to this defence intention, which, however, did not come to fruition during the war.\n<p>Not far from the Furkelh\u00fctte, which can also be easily reached by chairlift from Trafoi, you will find evidence of the artillery emplacement of the time:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ul>\n<li>Austria\u2019s original intention to defend the Stelvio Pass<\/li>\n<li>the importance of the Gomagoi fortress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_separator color=\u201ccustom\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572183493988{margin-top: 20px !important;}\u201c accent_color=\u201c#37751e\u201c][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572247410809{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column][vc_single_image image=\u201c4644\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572249901233{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_empty_space]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 {\n  min-width: 44px;\n  min-height: 44px;\n  font-size: 32px;\n  border-radius: 4px;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5:last-child {\n  margin-right: 0;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .icon-inner {\n  margin: 0px;\n  min-width: 44px;\n  min-height: 44px;\n  border-radius: 4px;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .dt-hover-icon {\n  line-height: 44px;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5:before,\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5:after,\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .icon-inner:before,\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .icon-inner:after {\n  min-width: 100%;\n  min-height: 100%;\n  padding: inherit;\n  border-radius: inherit;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-border-on:before {\n  border-width: 0px;\n  border-style: solid;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-dashed.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-border-on:before {\n  border-style: dashed;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-dotted.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-border-on:before {\n  border-style: dotted;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-double.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-border-on:before {\n  border-style: double;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-border-on:after {\n  border-width: 0px;\n  border-style: solid;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-dashed.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-border-on:after {\n  border-style: dashed;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-dotted.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-border-on:after {\n  border-style: dotted;\n}\n.dt-icon-border-double.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-border-on:after {\n  border-style: double;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:hover {\n  font-size: 32px;\n}\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:hover .soc-icon {\n  color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75);\n  background: none;\n}\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-on:not(:hover) .soc-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-font-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-font-icon,\n#page .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-icon,\n#phantom .dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5.dt-icon-hover-off .soc-icon {\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: none;\n}\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .soc-font-icon,\n.dt-shortcode-icon.icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 .soc-icon {\n  font-size: 32px;\n}<\/style><div class=\"dt-shortcode-icon-wrap  \"><span class=\"anchor-link fas fa-walking icon-9a0d545f74a1827630add0ffed0ebee5 dt-shortcode-icon dt-icon-bg-on dt-icon-border-on dt-icon-hover-border-on dt-icon-hover-on dt-icon-hover-bg-on  vc_custom_1597298860036 \"><span class=\"icon-inner\"><i class=\"dt-regular-icon soc-icon fas fa-walking\"><\/i><i class=\"dt-hover-icon soc-icon fas fa-walking\"><\/i><span class=\"screen-reader-text\"><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<div class=\"post_title\">\n<p><strong>Starting point: Trafoi, with the chairlift to the Furkelh\u00fctte or from Stilfserjoch on the \u2018Trais Linguas\u2019 trail to the Goldsee and on to the Furkelh\u00fctte.<\/strong> <strong>(approx. 3 h)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>End point: Trafoi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Walking time: 60 minutes from Furkelh\u00fctte hut<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Marking: with information boards<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>Requirements: easy walk, no significant differences in altitude.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/div>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-9996a71df850971b\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-9996a71df850971b uvc-7127 \" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-9996a71df850971b .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' style=\"font-weight:normal;\">\n<h3>ROUTE \u2018KLEINBODEN\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>The following explanations highlight places along the route and clarify their historical significance. There is no need for an actual route description \u2013 the points described below are easy to find in the terrain.<\/p><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254029972{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_single_image image=\u201c4637\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>A: Mountain station: General information B: Close defence installation C: Observer\u2019s shelter and searchlight position D: Artillery emplacement E: Path to the gold lake position F: Gomagoi fortress<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4649\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-30596a71df850973d\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-30596a71df850973d uvc-8732 \" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-30596a71df850973d .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}' style=\"font-weight:normal;\">\n<h3>A DESCRIPTION OF THE ROUTE FROM A MILITARY-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE<\/h3>\n<p>The following explanations highlight places along the route and clarify their historical significance. There is no need for a detailed description of the route. The points of interest explained below are easily recognisable in the terrain.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>[vc_empty_space height=\u201c16px\u201c][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1597569104924{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c el_id=\u201ckleinboden-oe-vtg-absicht\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254029972{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#verteidigungsabsicht_e\">The K.&amp;k. Defence intentions<\/a><a id=\"verteidigungsabsicht_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>Vienna\u2019s original ideas for the defence of Habsburg territories in South Tyrol and Trentino can be traced locally at \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 and even more so at the \u2018Gomagoi\u2019 fortress. However, additional clarification is needed to understand them so that the operational context can be considered.<\/p>\n<p>In the aftermath of the second (1859 with the decisive Battle of Solferino) and especially the third Italian War of Independence (1866 with the important battles of Custozza, Lissa and Bezzeca), Emperor Franz Josef I of Austria and his general staff focused on the defence of the remaining imperial territories after the territorial losses in northern Italy. The result of these considerations was the construction of an impressive line of fortifications with artillery and barrages.<\/p>\n<p>These works were erected close to the border at locations that made perfect military sense, but were often located several kilometres behind the actual imperial border.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4658\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The line of Austrian fortifications for the defence of the imperial territory. Various sections were to be ceded without a fight in the event of an incident. This included the Trafoi Valley from the top of the Stelvio Pass to Gomagoi. Illustration from: Accola\/Fuhrer, Stilfserjoch-Umbrail 1914-1918, Dokumentation, Milit\u00e4rgeschichte zum Anfassen, Au, 2000.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c16px\u201c][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254029972{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]One of these barrages was built in Gomagoi \u2013 at the confluence of the Sulden and Trafoi streams. It was a roadblock with short-range armament. Today\u2019s road leads through the centre of the \u2018fortress\u2019 \u2013 during the war, the fortress was bypassed to the north.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4660\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The barrage at \u2018Gomagoi\u2019 with the recognisable road layout of the time north of the fortress. Illustration from: Lempruch, the King of the German Alps, Digital: Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The Gomagoi roadblock<\/h3>\n<p>The works were built in 1860\/62. The brick building has three storeys. The structure would have remained undamaged if the entire centre section had not been broken through later to allow the road (now state road 38) to pass through.<\/p>\n<p>It was a roadblock in the true sense of the word, as the plant was placed directly on the Reichsstrasse. In order to pass the barrier, one had to pass between the right, northern flank of the plant and the retaining wall of the steep slope of the \u00dcbergrimm ridge, which began here, about four metres away, through the inner gate, past a guard casemate, through the outer gate and then over a drawbridge. Already hopelessly outdated at the beginning of the First World War (the walls are made of stone), the barrier was nevertheless put on defence alert in 1914.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4678\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The Gomagoi roadblock. From: \u2018Equipment general draft Gomagoi of the K.&amp;k. Geniedirektion Brixen\u2019, Vienna State Archives, Digital: Archiv MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4680\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561578822{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Fixed buildings fell victim to the construction of the barrage in order to provide the necessary field of fire. . In technical jargon, the term \u2018shaving\u2019 was used for this. Image from: \u2018Lempruch, the King of the German Alps \u2026\u2019, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4681\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561605332{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The roadblock with the now missing centre section on a view from 2005; image: Wikipedia, search term Gomagoi roadblock.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The flank positions on both sides of the valley were intended to provide protection against enemy evasion actions. The right (northern) flank protection was provided by the positions at \u2018Goldsee\u2019 (see \u2018Trais Linguas\u2019 section), \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 and \u2018Schafseck\u2019. The left (southern) flank protection was provided by infantry positions on the steep ridge of the \u2018Zumpanell\u2019.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4668\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Measures to protect the flanks of the Gomagoi roadblock. Not visible on the map: the Goldsee position. Map: map.geo.admin.ch, edited by Accola.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The fortress was manned by detachments from various units. Sources document the two Landessch\u00fctzenregiment Trient (No. I) and Innichen (No. III), the fortress artillery battalion No. 4 (Riva) and a detachment from the corresponding battalion No. 7 (Male, Val di Sole).\n<p>The armament of the roadblock consisted of six casemate cannons (calibre 9 cm), one casemate cannon (8 cm) and five machine guns protected by armour plates.<\/p>\n<p>The number of guns for the extended flank defence of the barrage is impressive. The following were included in the defence system:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The Taufers battery with a total of four cannons (9 cm)<\/li>\n<li>The Kleinboden battery with two cannons (9 cm)<\/li>\n<li>The \u2018Schafseck\u2019 battery with four cannons, two each of 9 and 8 cm calibre<\/li>\n<li>The \u2018Goldsee\u2019 battery with two 15 cm calibre mortars and<\/li>\n<li>the \u2018Steinadler\u2019 cavern battery with two casemate cannons (8 cm), which were taken from the even older \u2018Nauders\u2019 fortress and positioned there.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4676\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The artillery cover planned in 1913 to protect the Gomagoi roadblock. The effective ranges and target areas of the \u2018Goldsee\u2019, \u2018Schafseck\u2019 and \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 emplacements and the effective range of the casemate guns of the roadblock are recognisable. From: \u2018Equipment general draft Gomagoi of the K.&amp;k. Geniedirektion Brixen\u2019, Vienna State Archives, Digital: Archiv MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254048908{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The artillery positions on \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 and at \u2018Schafseck\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>The role of the two emplacements has been described in detail above. Access was via Stilfs and the Prader Alm, where the troops were also accommodated. Numerous accommodation buildings were constructed there especially for this purpose and were also used after the outbreak of war, although the main battle line ran along the Stelvio Pass from May 1915.<\/p>\n<p>A memorial stone near the Prader Alm commemorates the thirteen victims of the avalanche accident on 25 February 1916. Those affected were members of the I. Kaiserj\u00e4ger Regiment, the Fortress Artillery Battalion 4 and regular riflemen from the Stilfs Company. The excerpt from the troops\u2018 diary conveys the situation on the day of the accident.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4684\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561786825{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The memorial plaque on the Prader Alm, not far from the \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 artillery emplacement.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4685\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c el_class=\u201cborder\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561806049{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Transcript from the diary of rayon commando I dated 25 February 1916 Source: Vienna State Archives, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254061418{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The original position of the guns can be easily localised on the basis of the files from the \u2018Ausr\u00fcstungsgeneralentwurf der K.&amp;k. Geniedirektion Brixen\u2019 in the field. This comprehensive collection from the Vienna State Archives conveys both the planning and realisation of the right flank position of the Gomagoi roadblock.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4690\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561861866{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The position room \u2018Kleinboden\u2019, From: \u2018Equipment general design \u2026\u2019, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4691\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561894262{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018Schafseck\u2019 emplacement room, from: \u2018Equipment general design \u2026\u2019, archive: MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254061418{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>Protection of the artillery position<\/h3>\n<p>Infantry positions and observation posts were positioned in front of both artillery positions for close protection.<\/p>\n<h4>The battle trench on Kleinboden<\/h4>\n<p>The \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 position was to be protected by an impressive infantry position that can still be walked through today. The concreted and covered defence system with medieval-style embrasures ran across the plateau.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4698\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747561973543{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The battle trench on Kleinboden. Photo Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4697\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562014289{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Mountain-side access to the infantry position on Kleinboden. Photo: Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The infantry position at Schafseck<\/h4>\n<p>The protection of the Schafseck\u2019s position, located a little to the north of the Kleinboden artillery emplacement, is far less impressive, although just as many guns were stationed there. It is possible that this emplacement was not included in the planning and implementation until later \u2013 although the sources do not provide any evidence of this, but: there are no concreted protective structures for defence against infantry attacks. Today, however, the course of the corresponding trenches can still be traced in the terrain. An excerpt from a 1916 photograph taken by the Swiss Intelligence Service shows the state of the trenches at that time. The handwritten updates are based on the situation in autumn 1917 and it can be assumed that the position area was not fully secured.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4702\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The \u2018Schafseck\u2019 on a depiction of the Swiss Intelligence Service in 1916, supplemented in 1917. Visible from left to right: the Prader Alm, the \u2018Schafseck\u2019 emplacement with the protective infantry positions and the \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 position, source: Federal Archives Bern, fonds E 27, digitisation and processing: Archiv MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4723\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562135547{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>View from the \u2018Schafseck\u2019 to the Prader Alm. Prad (on the left) and Gomagoi (on the right at the Trafoi stream) are recognisable in the valley. Photo Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4721\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562161062{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The artillery position on Kleinboden, as seen from the \u2018Schafseck\u2019. Photo: Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The \u2018searchlight position\u2019<\/h3>\n<p>South of the \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 artillery emplacement, slightly below the prominent antenna on the edge of the plateau, there is a concrete shelter with an embrasure for a machine gun. With a range of 2,000 metres, from here, the lafted gun could cover the southern outskirts of Trafoi and the Stelvio Pass road.<\/p>\n<p>In order to be able to recognise a night attack in good time, a searchlight was also positioned here alongside the gun. These were powerful searchlights with carbon arc lamps. The standard versions of these searchlights consisted of a 1.5 metre (\u2018150\u2019) or two metre (\u2018200\u2019) diameter parabolic reflector with an arc lamp made of two pressed tungsten carbon rods in its focus. The front opening of the parabolic reflector was sealed with heat-resistant quartz glass in the form of a round cover and could be opened for replacing the carbon rods and maintenance. The arrangements required a high electrical output (approx. 12-15 kilowatts), which was generated by petrol or diesel-powered generators.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4725\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The Mg and searchlight position at the edge of the \u2018Kleinboden\u2019 artillery position. Photo: Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4729\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562303547{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>On the way to the \u2018\u2019spotlight position\u2018\u2019, the view opens up towards the Stilfserjoch; photo Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: left;\"><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4728\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562338286{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>On the way to the \u2018\u2019spotlight position\u2018\u2019, the view opens up towards the Stilfserjoch; photo Accola, 2006.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3><a href=\"#ortlerfront_e\">The events of the war along the \u2018Ortler front\u2019<\/a><a id=\"ortlerfront_e\"><\/a><\/h3>\n<p>As you walk along our hiking trails, your gaze inevitably and repeatedly wanders south-south-eastwards to take in the impressive mountain panorama. With the information provided below, you will marvel at the remaining ice slopes and rocky ridges from a completely different perspective, as there were battles and attacks there during the war that were unrivalled.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4747\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The positions along the border between the Ortler and the Tucketspitze. The Austrian bases are shown in blue, those of the Alpini in red. Illustration: Accola, based on a photograph taken in 2006.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20px\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]Each of the mountain peaks shown above could tell its own war story. However, two events are particularly impressive and should be described here as representative of the unimaginable actions of both warring parties.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>The gun transports to the summit of the Ortler<\/h3>\n<p>The ascent of the 3905 metre high ice summit is generally reserved for experienced mountaineers. The appropriate equipment and knowledge of alpine risks and dangers are required. Those wishing to climb this dominant mountain are best accompanied by a local mountain guide.<\/p>\n<p>The normal route to this icy giant runs via the Payerh\u00fctte and mainly requires sure-footedness on easy rugged terrain (1 \u2013 2 degree of difficulty, short section 3+) and safe walking on steep firn or ice (short sections up to 40\u00b0). Ortler mountaineers should only start in safe weather, the rocky ridge is tricky in snowy conditions and it is easy to get lost on the flat Ortler plateau. Overall, however, this is one of the best alpine tours in the Eastern Alps, with a magnificent view of the glacier world awaiting you after the 5-hour ascent. (Quoted from: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bergsteigen.com\/touren\/klettern\/ortler-normalweg\/\">www.bergsteigen.com<\/a>)<\/p>\n<p>In the summer of 1916, this route was also used to transport several mountain cannons which were positioned on the summit and the Pleisshorn. The summit base was permanently manned by around 30 men and secured by a field guard with two machine guns on the Hochjochgrat. This position was connected to the accommodation by a 150 metre long ice tunnel.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4778\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562557608{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<\/p><h6>The starting point for transport was the Julius Payer Hut, which was accessed from the Sulden Valley by a transport cable car. The mighty Alpine Club hut perched at 3029 metres on the Tabaretta ridge was built in 1875. Picture: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4777\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562585869{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Ascent track below the Tabarettaspitze on the way to the \u2018Wandeln\u2019 and the \u2018Scharte\u2019, from which the track then led over the Oberer Ortlerferner to the summit (top left). Picture: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The \u2018Ortler cannons\u2019 were transported by regular riflemen from the Prad battalion (with members of the Prad I, Lasa II, Tschengels III and Lichtenberg IV companies) as well as Russian prisoners of war. Lichtenberg) as well as Russian prisoners of war. The mountain guides of Hochgebirgskompanie 30 were responsible for the technical management of the transports and the necessary safety measures.<br>\nSeveral exponents from these specialised units stood out, whose names and deeds are still widely known today. Captain Lois Molterer was the commander of this company, whose fame is attributed to the actions on the Ortler, the Eisk\u00f6gele and the Trafoier Eiswand. First Lieutenant Leo Handel would later apply his experience as the \u2018ice-building master of the Marmolada\u2019 on the Hohe Schneid and Merano\u2019s First Lieutenant Franz Haller went down in local and military history as the commander of the gun transports on the Ortler.<br>\nDr Franz Haller, the mountain guide officer who led all the gun transports to the high altitude positions, reported on the transport of the first two Ortler guns in the summer of 1916 as follows:<br>\nThe two guns were transported from Gomagoi through the Sulden valley to Sulden and from there, with great difficulty, to the Payer hut. The transport cableway to the hut could only be used for lighter parts of the mounts and for the ammunition, as the load-bearing capacity of the ropes was not great enough. From the Payerh\u00fctte, the transport was carried out on sledges \u2013 one gun could be split into two parts. 30 mountain guides and just as many Russian prisoners of war pulled the first gun over the steep Ortler ridge to the summit. Haller continues the original report:<br>\n\u2018After another five days, all parts of the first gun were on the Ortler summit, and the artillerymen immediately began mounting it. The second gun followed in the same way without incident to the lofty heights and was mounted on the right flank of the Ortler on the Pleisshorn. The ammunition followed over the next few days and then we were ready to fire.\u2019\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4782\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562785974{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The guns were transported to the emplacements in two partial loads (laffette or tube) on sledges. 24 men pulled these on ropes behind them. Picture: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4787\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747562808174{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The partial loads of the gun transports \u2013 a few metres below the Ortler summit. Picture: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n<h6><em>\u00a0<\/em><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572190198712{margin-bottom: 10px !important;}\u201c][vc_column css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572254061418{margin-bottom: 20px !important;}\u201c][vc_row_inner css=\u201c.vc_custom_1592343943959{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #f5f5f5 !important;}\u201c][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-17766a71df8509777\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-17766a71df8509777 uvc-6296  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-17766a71df8509777 h3\" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}'><h3 style=\"--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:10px;\">THE USE OF PRISONERS OF WAR<\/h3><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]If we want to take something inglorious away from the great achievement of the gun transports, it should be noted that the use of Russian prisoners of war was contrary to international law. The \u2018Hague Land Warfare Convention\u2019 (HLKO), which is still in force today, was already signed in the 1899 version by all the belligerents who later took part in the First World War.<br>\nThe second chapter of this agreement, which is binding under international law, describes the rights and obligations of prisoners of war, with Article 6 stating with regard to their labour:<br>\n\u2018The State is authorised to employ prisoners of war, with the exception of officers, as labourers according to their rank and ability. This labour may not be excessive and may not be related to the war effort\u2019.<br>\nWhile the use of prisoners of war for harvesting work was legal, the use of prisoners for frontline supply work in the mountains certainly fell into the category of prohibited \u2018excessive labour\u2019 and was directly related to the \u2018war effort\u2019.[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4791\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The foreign uniforms give it away: prisoners of war transporting guns on the Ortler. Picture: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4785\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The different headgear is striking, especially the Russian infantryman\u2019s plate cap, which is not really suitable for the mountains. Image: Haller, Knoll Collection, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c][vc_column][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The summit base<\/h4>\n<p>Prior to the gun transports \u2013 and in particular for the accommodation of the summit crew \u2013 the necessary infrastructure was set up on the Ortler summit ice. For these measures too, construction timber and firewood, stoves for makeshift heating, food and everything else necessary had to be brought to the summit by the route described.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, a field guard had to be set up on the pre-summit to keep an eye on the Italian measures on the Ortler Pass and the Hochjochgrat. Wire obstacles and infantry trenches were to protect the position of the artillery pieces from enemy attacks.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4862\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563007460{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Entrance to the accommodation hut, which was built in an ice grotto a few metres below the summit. Image: Haller; Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18, Knoll Collection.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4859\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563035706{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Inside the accommodation hut on the Ortler summit. Picture: Haller; Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18, Knoll Collection<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4860\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563065844{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The view of the Italian-occupied Thurwieserspitze from the Feldwache on the Hochjochgrat. To the right is the double summit of the Trafoier Eiswand, which was also occupied by the Italians at the time of the Ortler occupation in the summer of 1916. Picture: Haller; Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18, Knoll Collection.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4861\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563086984{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Wire obstacles for the close defence of the Ortler base. Dominant: the summit of the K\u00f6nigsspitze, whose occupation in the summer of 1917 led to a veritable race between the two opponents. Picture: Haller; Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18, Knoll Collection<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c][vc_column][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The Ortler cannons<\/h4>\n<p>It is not possible to conclusively prove how many guns were positioned on the summit of the Ortler between the summer of 1916 and the last year of the war. However, there are numerous illustrations of mountain cannons, whose location can be located on or near the summit due to the recognisable surroundings. The front reports also repeatedly provide information on the effect of the Ortler guns \u2013 but we cannot rule out the possibility that changes of position were made on the summit and that additional guns were not transported up the mountain for this purpose. The transport of two guns in the summer of 1916 is documented, and their position and operating area are known. Haller at least describes the \u2018baptisms of fire\u2019 of the two old cannons (1899) as follows:<\/p>\n<p>\u2018An Italian machine-gun emplacement was set up on the Thurwieser, which made the Tyrolean teams\u2018 way to the Kleine Eisk\u00f6gele sour. The Tyrolean Ortler crew managed to pulverise the Italian machine gun nest on the Thurwieser with a single, truly masterful shot from the Ortler gun they had just dragged up.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>There is also evidence of the transport of two further guns to the Pleisshorn in August 1916 with the \u2018Ortler Pass\u2019 theatre of operations. These two mountain guns were of a slightly more modern model.<\/p>\n<p>Then the source situation becomes thinner: with the \u2018Race to the King\u2019s Peak\u2019, further artillery action was required. Whether additional cannons were delivered for this purpose or whether existing guns on the summit were moved to a new position cannot be conclusively proven at present.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4795\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5px\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>If there had already been an award for the \u2018Press Picture of the Year\u2019 in 1916, this photo of the 7 cm M 1899 mountain gun on the Ortler summit would certainly have made it onto the shortlist. The armoured plate was removed in order to convey to the world that the highest base of the First World War was firmly in Austrian hands. In the direction of the shot: the summit of the K\u00f6nigspitze, on the left the Cevedale. Image: Franz Haller, Archive MUSEUM 14\/18, Imboden Collection.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4796\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563188335{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The first Ortler gun (3860 metres above sea level) with the Thurwieserstellung area of action. Image from: Lempruch; Digital Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4867\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563208090{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The second Ortler gun (on the Pleisshorn) with the Ortler Pass area of operations. Image from: Lempruch; Digital Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4879\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Directions of the Ortler guns to the focal points on the Ortler Pass (from the Pleisshorn), the Thurwiese and K\u00f6nigsspitze (from the Ortler base). Map: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kompass.de\/wanderkarte\/region\/30491-suedtirol\/\">Kompass Hiking Map South Tyrol online<\/a>; Editing: Accola<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4876\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563280644{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The military installations on the Ortler seen from the R\u00f6telspitze. Detail from the reworked photograph by the Swiss Intelligence Service: Source; Federal Archives fonds E27, Digital Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4878\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563306591{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>The Ortler gun, in position a few metres below the summit. Picture: presumably Haller, Archive: MUSEUM 14\/18, Knoll Collection<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>Effect and myth<\/h4>\n<p>In the aftermath of the war, there was frequent and controversial debate as to whether the huge effort to position and supply the guns on the Ortler summit had been worthwhile. In business terms, one would ask for a balance between the investment made and the profit realised. It goes without saying that the final accounts cannot show black figures; the Ortler soldiers were also among the losers of the war in November 1918.<\/p>\n<p>Even if the Ortler guns were already \u2018old ladies\u2019 at the time \u2013 built in 1899 and not up to the technological standard of their successors in the field army \u2013 their availability and especially their reliability was still important.<\/p>\n<p>The possibility of taking Italian bases on the Thurwieser and K\u00f6nigsspitze under fire was decisive for the course of the battle along these peaks and ridges in the summer and autumn of 1917, as can be seen in the next chapter.<\/p>\n<p>However, the psychological effect of the Ortler occupation on their own and enemy troops should not be underestimated. The assertion of the \u2018King of the German Alps\u2019, the occupation of the world\u2019s highest base of the First World War, the ability to supply this base permanently over a longer period of time: all this impressed both the military and the civilian population, who were actively informed about the defence will of the Imperial and Royal Army via the newspapers of the time. &amp; k. armed forces\u2018 will to defend.<\/p>\n<p>In comparison to other, also extremely spectacular sections of the Austrian south-eastern front, we now have a wealth of photographic material from Defence Area I \u2013 especially from the \u2018Ortler\u2019 front section. The photographs, which were primarily staged for the local press, were generously released and distributed by the \u2018war censors\u2019. This supported the myth of (quote) \u2018selfless resistance against the Welsh (foreign, Italian) traitors.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c][vc_column][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h3>Trafoier ice wall<\/h3>\n<p>The events around the summit of the Trafoier ice wall bear witness to another par force performance by both warring parties. As the name of this 3566 metre high peak suggests, it is steep, icy and cold here!<\/p>\n<p>In order to understand the significance of the battles described below, it is necessary to know the course of the front in the midsummer of 1917.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4892\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Course of the front in the summer of 1917.<strong> Occupied line of Austria-Hungary (blue):<\/strong> Dreisprachenspitze \u2013 Stilfserjoch \u2013 Monte Scorluzzo \u2013 Passo delle Plattigiole \u2013 Naglerspitze \u2013 Geisterspitze \u2013 Hohe Schneid (Ostgpifel) \u2013 Payerspitze \u2013 Tuckettspitze \u2013 Madatschkamm \u2013 Schneeglocke \u2013 Kleines Eisk\u00f6gele \u2013 Ortler \u2013 K\u00f6nigspitze \u2026 <strong>Italian occupied line (red):<\/strong> Pass Umbrail \u2013 Rese di Scorluzzo \u2013 Filone del Mot \u2013 Monte Cristallo (Hohe Schneid Westgipfel) \u2013 Passo dei Camosci \u2013 Trafoier Eiswand \u2013 B\u00e4ckmanngrat \u2013 Thurwieserspitze \u2013 Ortlerpass \u2013 Hochjochgrat \u2013 Monte Zebru \u2013 K\u00f6nigsspitze (shoulder position). Map: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kompass.de\/wanderkarte\/region\/30491-suedtirol\/\">Kompass, hiking map online<\/a>, edited by Accola.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>A painful gap \u2013 the stake in the stomach<\/h4>\n<p>A closer look at the course of both lines reveals that the ridge line from the Stilfserjoch to the Grosse Schneeglocke was occupied by Austrian troops. The following section from the Trafoier Eiswand via the B\u00e4ckmanngrat to the summit of the Thurwieserspitze and up to the Ortler Pass, on the other hand, was held by the Italians, which gave them the decisive advantage of having an insight into all movements along the Stilfserjoch road. Supply columns on the Franzensh\u00f6he, but also individual supply troops in support of the Austrian high positions, could thus be closely observed and the artillery observer stationed there directed the effective fire to combat them very accurately. The soldier\u2019s wisdom, as the great Clausewitz put it, that \u2018whoever has the heights also dominates the depths or the valleys\u2019 was applied here in an exemplary manner.<\/p>\n<p>This \u2018thorn in the side\u2019 \u2013 Lempruch described it as a \u2018stake in the stomach\u2019 of the eastern defence system of his rayon \u2013 had to be removed.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4896\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Support points and field guards in the area of the \u2018gap\u2019 in the Austrian defence deployment along the ridge line on the B\u00e4ckmanngrat. <strong>Austrian positions (blue) from left to right: <\/strong>Tuckettjoch \u2013 Madatschkamm \u2013 Schneeglocke \u2013 Nashorn \u2013 Kleines Eisk\u00f6gele. <strong>Italian positions (red) from left to right:<\/strong> Passo dei Camosci \u2013 Trafoier Eiswand \u2013 B\u00e4ckmanngrat with several field guards \u2013 Thurwieserspitze \u2013 Eisk\u00f6gele \u2013 Ortlerpass. Map: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kompass.de\/wanderkarte\/region\/30491-suedtirol\/\">Kompass, hiking map online<\/a>, edited by Accola.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]The Italian field guards along the B\u00e4ckmann ridge were to be cleared accordingly. In his illustrated report, Moritz von Lempruch assesses the variants and risks involved in realising this essential project. He assesses all options and ultimately comes to the conclusion that the most costly option is also the most promising. The Italian summit base on the Trafoi ice wall was to be conquered by means of a tunnel to be built through the north face, which was up to 50 degrees steep. Assault troops were to take the summit crew by surprise at night, take over their accommodation and occupy the ice wall summit permanently. Actions to clear the field guard line on the B\u00e4ckmanngrat and on the Thurwieserspitze were to take place later from there.\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4901\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7715\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563555777{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>View from the Schneeglocke towards the Eiswand summit. 1: Austrian-occupied Eiswand shoulder (3421), 2: Eiswand summit (3565), 3: Ortlerhochjochgrat, 4: Eisk\u00f6gele; 5: Ortlervorgipfel; \u2026.. Course of the attack tunnel, 6-6: Italian embrasures. Illustration and legend from Lempruch, Ortlerk\u00e4mpfe.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4913\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563582396{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Image description on the back of the photograph: \u2018When the steepness begins, spiral staircases are cut into the ice. Attack tunnel, Trafoier ice wall\u2019. Source: Schaumann Archive, Digital: MUSEUM 14\/18, Schaumann Collection.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The attack<\/h4>\n<p>Lempruch describes the course of the attack in his account as follows:<\/p>\n<p>\u2018The breakout and the removal of the position were planned for the early hours of 1 September 1917 and were actually carried out. All preparations had been made beforehand: Staged deposition of food supplies in the approximately 1500 metre long tunnel, provision of cable car material for the immediate activation of a supply line to the conquered position after its removal, accumulation of ammunition, etc. had been made in detail.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4916\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The Hochgebirgskompanie 30 before storming the ice wall on the march to Trafoi. Source: Schaumann Archive, Digital: MUSEUM 14\/18, Schaumann Collection.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\u2018When the surprise breakout was successful and the drowsy summit post was silently taken in, and the enemy alarm line was cut off, it turned out that the position crew was housed in a barrack located on a rock step south of the summit position and about 50 metres lower than the latter. Oberleutnant Bayer now decided to abseil down the steep rock face with some of his bold men in order to capture the enemy, who had already been alerted by the inevitable noise and had begun to shoot, possibly in his shelter. The own fire squadron, which was embedded in the rock and ice pinnacles next to the break-out point, supported the action of the bold rope party, which finally came under heavy fire, with well-aimed shots. Some of the enemy had run out of the barracks with their scanty clothing, while others were still inside. There was a fierce melee with hand grenade fights, in which we were ultimately the victors, miraculously without loss.\u2019\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4918\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7620\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563699113{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6><\/h6>\n<h6>The Austrian ice wall shoulder position. Illustration from Lempruch, Ortlerk\u00e4mpfe 1915-1918.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4934\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7900\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c][vc_column_text css=\u201c.vc_custom_1747563723171{padding-top: 5px !important;}\u201c]\n<h6>Conquered Italian position below the summit of the ice wall. Illustration from: Lempruch, Ortler battles 1915-1918.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\u2018Two officers \u2013 including the artillery observer of the ice wall \u2013 and about 30 men were captured, as well as plenty of rations and weapons and an entire company registry with records, instructions, orders, diaries, photographs, maps, etc. that were extremely valuable to us. The enemy had suffered heavy losses due to crashes and rifle and hand grenade fire.<br>\nOur new garrison immediately established itself in the enemy lines; the enemy counterattack attempted in the morning hours of 1 September, fuelled by hastily brought reserves, failed with further heavy losses. The interrogation of the prisoners yielded further very valuable material for the defence command; however, despite all efforts, including mine [Lempruch\u2019s], nothing could be brought out of the officers, who behaved with great dignity, which I expressly state here in their honour.\u2019<br>\nSo much for Lempruch\u2019s account of the high mountain company\u2019s daring action on the Trafoi ice wall.\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h4>The Italian reaction<\/h4>\n<p>After the successful occupation of the Eiswand summit, preparations were to be made for a further advance along the B\u00e4ckmann ridge to the Thurwieserspitze and the Ortler Pass. However, the Italian artillery put a stop to these plans by fiercely firing on the Austrian ice wall position. Four batteries took the summit under constant fire. To make matters worse, the ice tunnel \u2013 which had to be used for supplies \u2013 often collapsed and could only be used once it had been repaired.<\/p>\n<p>The intensive use of artillery was a sign that the Italians were preparing to recapture the ice wall position. The Austrians had to weigh up whether it was justifiable for the few mountain soldiers, who were often cut off from supplies, to remain on the ridge and whether they should be exposed to an expected counterattack. However, the tactical importance of the ice wall position was decisive for both parties and so the Austrian decision was made to hold the position.<\/p>\n<p>Lempruch describes the subsequent action in his work as follows:<\/p>\n<p>\u2018On 3 September, on a clear, visible morning, the expected enemy counterattack took place with an unprecedented, ruthless use of manpower on the part of the enemy. There was simply too much at stake for him to justify the measures he had taken in the eyes of objective military criticism.<\/p>\n<p>Heavy concentrated artillery fire had been on the summit position since dawn, so that the brave and much-tried Kaiserj\u00e4ger lieutenant Kurzbauer, a Viennese, who was in command of the position that day, had every difficulty in keeping unnecessary losses at bay; then the enemy attacked the position in three strong attack columns, unconcerned about their heavy losses.\u2019<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_single_image image=\u201c4957\u2033 img_size=\u201cfull\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c5\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The situation on 3 September 1917 morning: advance of the Italian Alpine (red) against the Austrian ice wall position. The arrows do not really convey the alpine challenge under the additional threat of enemy fire. Map: Kompass hiking map of South Tyrol online; edited by Accola<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]Lempruch continues:<br>\n\u2018One echelon climbed up from the Passo dei Camosci, a second from the Camosci glacier in a north-westerly direction. A third moved along the B\u00e4ckmann ridge, i.e. from Thurwieser, towards the west. A total of 450 men may have been involved in this attack, which was opposed by our ice wall summit crew of 15 men. I had all my artillery in this area unleash their maximum fire. The Ortler and Pleisshorn batteries, the guns of the Madatsch position, the cannon on the Nashorn, the two field howitzers on Monte Livrio, a total of eleven guns, united their fire on the small attack area. From the K\u00f6nigspitze, the Ortler and the Kristallspitzen it was possible to observe that the enemy was suffering heavy losses. The Alpini could be seen falling en masse from the B\u00e4ckmann and Camosci ridges into the terrible depths on our and the Italian side. The ice wall summit position with its dashing leader, Lieutenant Kurzbauer, who was wounded several times, heroically defended itself against the 30-fold superiority. Their machine-guns made terrible havoc among the advancing enemy. Soon the retreat of the small group of ours was cut off by an enemy bypass movement that blocked the ice tunnel. The enemy penetrated the position and occupied it. Eight of our crew were killed, the rest more or less seriously wounded. Lieutenant Kurzbauer was taken prisoner with the survivors after they had destroyed the machine guns. Although the Eiswand summit position was lost to us, the defence of it, easily comparable to the battle for Thermopylae, is a golden leaf in the laurel wreath of Tyrolean national defence in 1915\/18. The bravery and sacrifice of the enemy must also be fully acknowledged. His bloody losses in this action of around 120 men are certainly not too high.\u2019\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner css=\u201c.vc_custom_1592343943959{padding-top: 20px !important;padding-bottom: 20px !important;background-color: #f5f5f5 !important;}\u201c][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-60096a71df85097cd\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-60096a71df85097cd uvc-6486  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"left\" style=\"text-align:left\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-60096a71df85097cd h3\" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"\",\"line-height\":\"\"}'><h3 style=\"--font-weight:theme;margin-bottom:10px;\">Fake news ? - Dealing with sources<\/h3><\/div><\/div>[vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]How do we know what happened back then and is it really true? Analysing sources, records, legends and anecdotes requires the necessary intuition.\n<p><strong>Primary sources<\/strong> are considered reliable. This category includes troop diaries as well as \u2018war files\u2019 such as orders, service regulations and telegrams that are still available today. What they all have in common is the criterion of the \u2018immediate point in time\u2019 \u2013 in diaries, people recorded what had happened in the evening, unaware of the later history of the events \u2013 as well as the fact that these sources are generally not available in printed form. Corresponding documents can be found in state archives, but are unfortunately often incomplete. The lack of records from the south-west front from spring 1917 onwards bears witness to the disintegration of the otherwise \u2018thoroughly administered Habsburg monarchy\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>The troop diary for the summer of 1917, of all things, containing the events surrounding the Trafoi ice wall, cannot be found in the Austrian State Archives.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Secondary sources<\/strong> must be viewed in a more differentiated way. These are coherent accounts, based on primary sources, of events whose impact on the timeline was known at the time of publication. Records of participants in the war \u2013 such as Lempruchs work, published in 1925 \u2013 fall into this category. The presentation of facts and interpretations based on memory or justification are in the realm of the at least partially \u2018questionable\u2019.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Representations <\/strong>, on the other hand, are based on primary and secondary sources which, if written in a well-founded manner, reflect and evaluate other sources, preferably opposing ones. With reference to the cited sources, these usually claim to fulfil the requirements of a scientific work and are submitted and published as a master\u2019s thesis or even a dissertation. The content of this website also falls into this category \u2026<\/p>\n<p><strong>The crux of images and figures \u2026<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>It is important to know that all published photos \u2013 and thus probably also the original images available today \u2013 were subject to censorship. Released images were purposefully staged \u2013 images of fallen soldiers probably escaped the censoring authorities, but there are very few of them.<\/p>\n<p>As with images, <strong>figures<\/strong> also have a significant psychological influence on the reader: Italian sources quantify the number of soldiers involved in a fundamentally different way than the Austrian depictions do. Heroic defence is perceived as such when a few successfully defend themselves against a large number of attackers; attacks, correspondingly, when there are a few against many defenders. By way of comparison, this corresponds to the fact that a football team can still achieve an honourable draw after being sent off three times\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=\u201c1\/2\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4940\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c el_class=\u201cborder\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>Illustration of the diary of Defence Tray I from 22 December 1916 and the following days. In the first days of the war, the entries were made exclusively by hand; the additional insertion of telegram strips began in mid-1916. The dominant additions in blue lettering are not conclusively traceable, but it is conceivable that the signatures confirm the commander\u2019s inspection. Whether the signature on the left-hand page (bottom right) is the \u2018abbreviation\u2019 Lempruch is conceivable but cannot be proven. A copy of the defence array diaries was made after the war. See illustration below. Source: Vienna State Archives, Digital: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c32\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4941\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c el_class=\u201cborder\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The copy of the diary shown above, which can also be found in the Vienna archives. The person who wrote it and the date it was written are unknown. It is striking that the author has already made a judgement from the primary source. For unknown reasons, the content of the telegram was not included. The content of the primary source has been reduced so that this is already a secondary source with an official character. \u2018Ad Fontes\u2019 \u2013 to the sources \u2013 wherever possible, the originals should be consulted to form a credible picture. Source: Vienna State Archives, Digital: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c32\u2033][vc_single_image image=\u201c4948\u2033 img_size=\u201c800\u00d7600\u2033 onclick=\u201clink_image\u201c el_class=\u201cborder\u201c][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6>The backs of photographs from the front sections often convey more information than the actual content of the picture. Here is the release of a picture with a given legend of the trilingual top. The form, written in Hungarian, authorises the publication of the image with a binding caption. Source: Vienna State Archives, Digital: Archive MUSEUM 14\/18.<\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space height=\u201c32\u2033][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space height=\u201c20\u2033][vc_column_text css=\u201c\u201c]\n<h6><strong>Recommended reading<\/strong><\/h6>\n<h6><strong>Accola, Fuhrer:<\/strong> <em>Stilfserjoch-Umbrail 1914-1918<\/em>, Documentation, Milt\u00e4rakademie an der ETH Z\u00fcrich, Au, 2000.<\/h6>\n<h6><strong>Lempruch:<\/strong> <em>Otlerk\u00e4mpfe 1915-1918, Der K\u00f6nig der Deutschen Alpen und seine Helden<\/em>, new edition, Golowitsch (Hsg), Buchdienst S\u00fcdtirol, 2005.<\/h6>\n<h6><strong>Marseiler, Bernhart, Haller<\/strong>: <em>Zeit im Eis \u2013 Gletscher geben die Geschichte frei \u2013 Die Front am Ortler 1915-1918<\/em>. A splendid illustrated book with photographs by First Lieutenant Franz Haller (1894-1989), mainly of the Ortler gun transports. Introduced by thoughts from his son Franz Haller Jr. The second part of the work deals with the recovery of finds in the front area, which are accumulating due to the intensive melting of the glacier mass. Athesia, 1996.<\/h6>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h6><\/h6>\n[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-39186a71df8509986\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-39186a71df8509986 uvc-6791  uvc-heading-default-font-sizes\" data-hspacer=\"line_with_icon\" data-hline_width=\"auto\" data-hicon_type=\"custom\" data-hborder_style=\"solid\" data-hborder_height=\"1\" data-hborder_color=\"#ccc\" data-icon_width=\"48\" data-hfixer=\"10\" data-halign=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer line_with_icon\" style=\"top\"><div class=\"ult-just-icon-wrapper  \"><div class=\"align-icon\" style=\"text-align:center;\">\n<div class=\"aio-icon-img \" style=\"font-size:48px;display:inline-block;\">\n\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"img-icon\" alt=\"null\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/apple-touch-icon-72x72-e1659764144230.png\">\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c bg_type=\u201cbg_color\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1752844195521{margin-top: 40px !important;padding-top: 60px !important;padding-bottom: 70px !important;}\u201c bg_color_value=\u201c#f5f5f5\u2033][vc_column]<div id=\"ultimate-heading-61886a71df85099c3\" class=\"uvc-heading ult-adjust-bottom-margin ultimate-heading-61886a71df85099c3 uvc-4392 color-title accent-title-color\" data-hspacer=\"no_spacer\" data-halign=\"center\" style=\"text-align:center\"><div class=\"uvc-heading-spacer no_spacer\" style=\"top\"><\/div><div class=\"uvc-main-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-61886a71df85099c3 h2\" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"desktop:40px;tablet_portrait:20px;\",\"line-height\":\"desktop:46px;tablet_portrait:26px;\"}'><h2 style=\"font-family:'Open Sans Condensed';font-weight:700;margin-bottom:10px;\">Would you like to hike this trail in the company of an expert?<\/h2><\/div><div class=\"uvc-sub-heading ult-responsive\" data-ultimate-target=\".uvc-heading.ultimate-heading-61886a71df85099c3 .uvc-sub-heading \" data-responsive-json-new='{\"font-size\":\"desktop:30px;tablet_portrait:40px;\",\"line-height\":\"desktop:76px;tablet_portrait:46px;\"}' style=\"font-family:'Open Sans Condensed';font-weight:700;\">You are in good hands on this page.\n<\/div><\/div><style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">#default-btn-c7015668f77704d276332b1c7d070126.ico-right-side > i {\n  margin-right: 0px;\n  margin-left: 8px;\n}\n#default-btn-c7015668f77704d276332b1c7d070126 > i {\n  margin-right: 8px;\n}<\/style><div class=\"btn-align-center\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/gefuehrte-wanderungen\/\" class=\"default-btn-shortcode dt-btn dt-btn-l link-hover-off  vc_custom_1747564115238\" id=\"default-btn-c7015668f77704d276332b1c7d070126\" style=\"width:400px;\"><span>Guided hikes<\/span><\/a><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row type=\u201cvc_default\u201c css=\u201c.vc_custom_1572185363958{margin-top: 30px !important;}\u201c][vc_column]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f figure,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .rollover,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f img,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .gallery-rollover {\n  border-radius: 0px;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.enable-bg-rollover .gallery-rollover {\n  background: -webkit-linear-gradient();\n  background: linear-gradient();\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.enable-bg-rollover.hover-scale .rollover:after {\n  background: -webkit-linear-gradient();\n  background: linear-gradient();\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .gallery-zoom-ico {\n  width: 44px;\n  height: 44px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  border-radius: 100px;\n  margin: -22px 0 0 -22px;\n  border-width: 0px;\n}\n.dt-icon-bg-on.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .gallery-zoom-ico {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  -webkit-box-shadow: none;\n  box-shadow: none;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .gallery-zoom-ico:before,\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f .gallery-zoom-ico span {\n  font-size: 32px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid {\n  grid-row-gap: 10px;\n  grid-column-gap: 10px;\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fill,minmax(,1fr));\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid .double-width {\n  grid-column: span 2;\n}\n.cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid,\n.no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid {\n  display: flex;\n  flex-flow: row wrap;\n  margin: -5px;\n}\n.cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid .wf-cell,\n.no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f:not(.resize-by-browser-width) .dt-css-grid .wf-cell {\n  flex: 1 0 ;\n  max-width: 100%;\n  padding: 5px;\n  box-sizing: border-box;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid {\n  grid-template-columns: repeat(6,1fr);\n  grid-template-rows: auto;\n  grid-column-gap: 10px;\n  grid-row-gap: 10px;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .double-width {\n  grid-column: span 2;\n}\n.cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid {\n  margin: -5px;\n}\n.cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell {\n  width: 16.666666666667%;\n  padding: 5px;\n}\n.cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width {\n  width: calc(16.666666666667%) * 2;\n}\n.gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width:not(.centered-layout-list):not(.content-bg-on) .dt-css-grid {\n  grid-row-gap: 10px - ;\n}\n@media screen and (max-width: 1199px) {\n  .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid {\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(3,1fr);\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell {\n    width: 33.333333333333%;\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width {\n    width: calc(33.333333333333%)*2;\n  }\n}\n@media screen and (max-width: 991px) {\n  .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid {\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(3,1fr);\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell {\n    width: 33.333333333333%;\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width {\n    width: calc(33.333333333333%)*2;\n  }\n}\n@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {\n  .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid {\n    grid-template-columns: repeat(2,1fr);\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell {\n    width: 50%;\n  }\n  .cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width,\n  .no-cssgridlegacy.no-cssgrid .gallery-shortcode.gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f.resize-by-browser-width .dt-css-grid .wf-cell.double-width {\n    width: calc(50%)*2;\n  }\n}<\/style><div class=\"gallery-shortcode album-gallery-shortcode dt-gallery-container gallery-photos-masonry-shortcode-id-9897e92ab374542187085f438658523f mode-grid jquery-filter dt-icon-bg-off quick-scale-img dt-css-grid-wrap enable-bg-rollover resize-by-browser-width  hover-fade loading-effect-none description-on-hover\" data-padding=\"5px\" data-cur-page=\"1\" data-post-limit=\"-1\" data-pagination-mode=\"none\" data-desktop-columns-num=\"6\" data-v-tablet-columns-num=\"3\" data-h-tablet-columns-num=\"3\" data-phone-columns-num=\"2\" data-width=\"0px\" data-columns=\"0\"><div class=\"dt-css-grid\"><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4728\" data-date=\"2020-06-15T12:58:06+02:00\" data-name=\"01 Val Trafoi Ortler5\"><article class=\"post visible post-4728 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-Val-Trafoi-Ortler5.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"1280\" data-large_image_height=\"960\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-Val-Trafoi-Ortler5-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-Val-Trafoi-Ortler5-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-Val-Trafoi-Ortler5-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4725\" data-date=\"2020-06-15T12:40:02+02:00\" data-name=\"01 BeobStand01\"><article class=\"post visible post-4725 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-BeobStand01.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"1280\" data-large_image_height=\"960\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-BeobStand01-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-BeobStand01-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/01-BeobStand01-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4698\" data-date=\"2020-06-14T14:37:40+02:00\" data-name=\"DSC00048\"><article class=\"post visible post-4698 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00048.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"1280\" data-large_image_height=\"960\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00048-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00048-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00048-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4697\" data-date=\"2020-06-14T14:37:19+02:00\" data-name=\"DSC00049\"><article class=\"post visible post-4697 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00049.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"1280\" data-large_image_height=\"960\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00049-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00049-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00049-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4681\" data-date=\"2020-06-14T08:23:55+02:00\" data-name=\"Gomagoi\"><article class=\"post visible post-4681 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Gomagoi.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"808\" data-large_image_height=\"603\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Gomagoi-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Gomagoi-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Gomagoi-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><div class=\"visible wf-cell\" data-post-id=\"4684\" data-date=\"2020-06-14T09:03:41+02:00\" data-name=\"DSC00054\"><article class=\"post visible post-4684 attachment type-attachment status-inherit hentry no-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00054.jpg\" class=\"rollover-click-target rollover dt-pswp-item\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" data-large_image_width=\"1280\" data-large_image_height=\"960\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me aspect\" src=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00054-379x379.jpg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00054-379x379.jpg 379w, https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/DSC00054-569x569.jpg 569w\" style=\"--ratio: 379 \/ 379\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 379px) 100vw, 379px\" alt=\"\" width=\"379\" height=\"379\"><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/article><\/div><\/div><!-- iso-container|iso-grid --><\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row type=&#8220;vc_default&#8220;][vc_column css=&#8220;.vc_custom_1498229431694{padding-bottom: 50px !important;}&#8220;][vc_single_image image=&#8220;9839&#8243; img_size=&#8220;full&#8220; css=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220;] This page has been translated using artificial intelligence. Our specialists are working to ensure that the text is written in correct military terminology. We ask for your understanding. [\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][vc_separator css=&#8220;&#8220;][vc_empty_space][vc_column_text css=&#8220;&#8220;]The Austrian defence plan (1912) envisaged repelling a possible Italian attack over the Stelvio Pass on&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":100,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10397","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","description-off"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10397","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=10397"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/10397\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=10397"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=10397"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/stelvio-umbrail.ch\/vsuhp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=10397"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}